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30 September 2026, Volume 24 Issue 9
  

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    Power Converter Topologies
  • Hybrid Five-level ANPC DAB Converter and Its Current Stress Optimization Modulation Strategy
    YANG Yang, LI Jin, TANG Weiyi
    2026, 24(9): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.1
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To solve the device voltage endurance, voltage change rate and series-parallel problems of traditional two-level dual active bridge (DAB) converters under high voltage and high power, the active neutral point clamped (ANPC) topology is integrated into the DAB converter to form a multilevel DC-DC converter. This converter offers four control degrees of freedom, overcoming the shortcomings of traditional topologies and the limitations of modulation methods. It is suitable for medium to high voltage applications with a wide voltage transfer range. To enhance the efficiency of the multilevel converter, a minimal peak current multi-phase shift (MPS) modulation strategy with four degrees of freedom is proposed. Initially, the operational principles of the converter are analyzed, and the peak inductor current for each operational mode is derived. Subsequently, a power transfer model is established, leading to a multi-degree-of-freedom analytical solution. The minimum current stress is optimized using the KKT (Karush- Kuhn-Tucker) algorithm. Finally, an experimental platform is constructed for testing, comparing the optimization effects of different modulation strategies under various operating conditions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
  • Research on High-gain Magnetically Integrated DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic Power Generation
    FAN Yupeng, JIANG Hao, WU Ying, WANG Sen, HUANG Weijun, ZHOU Song
    2026, 24(9): 13-21. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.13
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to improve the performance of DC-DC converter for photovoltaic power generation systems, a Boost converter topology that introduces diode and capacitor units is proposed, which can achieve high voltage gain; at the same time, the two inductors in the new topology are integrated by using the decoupling magnetic integration theory, which forms a new type of integrated inductors based on the EE core to reduce the size of the magnetic components. The feasibility of the topology and the new magnetic parts design proposed is verified by simulation analysis, and finally an experimental prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed high-performance DC-DC converter .
  • Soft Switching Power Amplifier for Electromagnetic Bearing Drive
    HUANG Zhiyong, CHEN Liangliang, JIN Xiaoguang, WU Jiaju, WANG Hua
    2026, 24(9): 22-31. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.22
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The traditional electromagnetic bearing power amplifier usually adopts the hard switching circuit topology with simple circuit structure and high practicability, but it has the problems of large switching loss and easy overheating damage of the switch tube, which limits the use scenarios at higher operating frequencies, and will produce serious electromagnetic noise at higher bus voltage and higher switching frequency. Aiming at the defects of hard switching power amplifier in operation, a soft switching power amplifier suitable for electromagnetic bearing system is proposed, and the working principle of the circuit topology is analyzed in detail. Through the comparative analysis of simulation and experiment, the results show that the topology can reduce the switching loss, reduce the electromagnetic noise in the high frequency working state and improve the working efficiency of the system under the condition of meeting the basic performance requirements of the power amplifier.
    • Power Converter Modeling and Control
  • Control Methods of Three-phase Four-wire Vienna Rectifier
    WANG Jinping, YANG Liu, LIU Shengyu, ZHONG Min, LIU Xinran, XU Xingyu
    2026, 24(9): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.32
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To solve the problems of current zero-crossing distortion and midpoint voltage offset in three-phase four-wire Vienna rectifiers, two control methods namely the current zero-crossing distortion suppression and active control of midpoint voltage are proposed. First, for the three-phase four-wire Vienna rectifier, the topology structure and operating principle are analyzed, the causes of current zero-crossing distortion are explained in combination with the commutation path, and a control method to suppress current zero crossing distortion is proposed. Then, the variation of DC-side capacitor voltage is analyzed, and a midpoint voltage active control method based on zero-sequence current injection is given. Finally, experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method. The experimental results show that with the proposed control method, the Vienna rectifier can eliminate current zero- crossing distortion and achieve midpoint potential balance.
  • Model Predictive Control for Vienna Rectifiers Based on Virtual Vectors
    FENG Xingtian, SONG Xu, MENG Xianglong
    2026, 24(9): 43-52. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.43
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    Aiming at the problem that the traditional finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has poor control effect at low switching frequency and it is difficult to eliminate current distortion, suppress current ripple and adjust neutral point voltage balance when realizing multi-objective control, a model predictive control strategy based on virtual voltage vectors for Vienna rectifiers is proposed. By constructing 8 new virtual voltage vectors to expand the control set, multiple basic vectors are output in one control cycle, which significantly improves the current control accuracy. By analyzing the causes of current distortion, the use of vectors that cause current distortion is restricted to eliminate current distortion. In addition, the virtual vectors and the basic vectors are used to adjust the neutral point potential together without weight factor. Finally, the experimental verification is carried out from multiple dimensions of steady state, dynamic state, neutral point potential balance control and so on. The results show that the proposed method has good steady state and dynamic performance.
  • Research on the Frequency Jitter Control Method Applied to Bidirectional LLC Converter in Single-phase Hybrid Inverter
    CHEN Jingwen, ZHANG Hengheng, ZHANG Qi
    2026, 24(9): 53-64. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.53
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    Frequency jitter technology is commonly used to mitigate electromagnetic compatibility issues in LLC converters. However, the traditional frequency jitter technology has certain limitations in the processing of load characteristics when adapting to frequency changes, which leads to the reduction of the working efficiency of LLC converters, especially in single-phase hybrid inverters, where the fixed frequency disturbance makes the above problems more significant. In view of this situation, a frequency jitter control method based on the load power characteristics is proposed, which aims to improve the efficiency of LLC converters, and the key is to achieve the matching of “source impedance” and “load impedance”. First, the characteristics of “source” and “load” in single-phase hybrid inverter are analyzed, and the characteristics of “source impedance” and “load impedance” are deeply explored. Then, combining with the impedance characteristics of LLC converter at different frequencies, this frequency jitter control method based on load power characteristics is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by experiments. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the working efficiency of LLC converter.
  • Model Prediction Test Strategy of MW Off-board Charger
    WANG Wei, JIN Gan, WANG Lixiang, YANG Jingyu
    2026, 24(9): 65-76. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.65
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The large-scale application of megawatt-level off-board chargers faces problems such as high energy consumption, low dynamic accuracy, and lack of multi-module collaborative detection capabilities existing in traditional detection methods. A model prediction test method integrating model-in-the-loop (MIL) simulation and orthogonally optimized long short-term memory network (Orthogonal-LSTM) is proposed, aiming to break through the power bottleneck of test platform and improve detection adaptability under complex working conditions. By constructing a virtual charger model driven by model predictive control (MPC), the dynamic characteristics of the charger under test are simulated. However, in the face of the superposition of charging modules and the increase in power, the error between the model and the actual test results increases. To solve this problem, the LSTM model parameters are optimized in combination with the orthogonal test method to achieve the error prediction-compensation of the model. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides a high-precision, low-energy-consumption and scalable detection solution for megawatt-class chargers with a single-unit multi-module structure, and has great value for engineering promotion.
  • A Phase Voltage Reconstruction Method Based on Vector Injection Strategy for Current Source Converter
    XUE Yubin, MING Lei, GU Zihang, WANG Yang, WANG Ke
    2026, 24(9): 77-87. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.77
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The bidirectional switch-based current source converter (BDS-CSC) has broad application prospects for high-frequency bidirectional operation (rectification/inversion), which meets the requirements for reliable, efficient, and high-power-density three-phase AC-DC converter in systems such as electrified transportation and energy storage systems. High-quality operation of the BDS-CSC relies on reliable and efficient commutation and control, both of which require AC side phase voltage information. Based on this analysis, the relationship among active current vectors, the DC-link voltage and the phase voltage are firstly analyzed. a phase voltage reconstruction method is proposed that utilizes vector decomposition characteristics. Then, to suppress the effect of blind zone caused by low modulation ratio and sector boundary regions, a complementary vector strategy based on vector injection is further proposed to achieve high-quality- reconstruction. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a 3 kW current source inverter.
  • Single Voltage Sensor Control Strategy for DC Side of Renewable Energy Hydrogen Converter
    DENG Shichao, WANG Cong, WANG Fan, LI Chi
    2026, 24(9): 88-96. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.88
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In conventional cascaded H-bridge converters, each unit contains large-value capacitors and voltage sensors, which increases system size and cost. The operation of these converters is examined, with a comprehensive analysis conducted on the capacitor charge/discharge cycle and its self-balancing voltage control in the level-doubling network. A single DC-side transducer control strategy is introduced, which uses a single transducer to monitor the voltage of the first H-bridge cell and automatically balances the voltage of the subsequent cells to half the capacitor voltage of the previous cell. This strategy reduces the number of voltage sensors, simplifies the control, and increases the power density of the system. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through simulation and experimentation.
    • Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage
  • Coordinated Control Strategy for Suppressing Transient Overvoltage after Fault Recovery of Direct-drive Wind Turbine
    ZHANG Deyong, ZHU Guorong, Senior LI Yuegong, FENG Kai, LU Jianghua, WANG Qian
    2026, 24(9): 97-107. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.97
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    During the fault recovery phase of a direct-drive wind turbine, the delayed withdrawal of reactive current leads to transient overvoltage of the turbine after the fault recovery, which affects the safe and stable operation of the grid-connected system. In order to suppress the transient overvoltage, an electromagnetic transient model for the direct-drive wind turbine is established, the mechanism of transient overvoltage occurrence is quantitatively analyzed, and a three-stage coordinated control strategy is proposed. The first stage optimizes the active/reactive current during fault ride-through to reduce the active/reactive power fluctuations before and after fault recovery; the second stage introduces the rate of change of terminal voltage to assist in accurately identifying the fault clearance and accelerating the reactive current withdrawal speed. The third stage controls the wind turbine to proportionally absorb reactive power, eliminating the accumulated reactive power surplus. Furthermore, a simulation platform based on MATLAB/Simulink and Speedgoat is built to verify the suppression effect of the proposed strategy on the transient overvoltage after fault recovery. Simulation and experimental results show that, compared with traditional control strategies, this strategy reduces transient overvoltage by 9.3% without sacrificing the reactive power support capability of the wind turbine.
  • VSG Frequency Modulation Strategy Based on Adaptive Parameter Adjustment and Model Predictive Control
    ZHANG Shidong, LI Peiqiang
    2026, 24(9): 108-120. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.108
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    Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has become an effective means to solve the problem of grid-connected frequency fluctuation of new energy by simulating the inertia characteristics of traditional generators. However, in the traditional VSG method, the moment of inertia and damping coefficient are usually fixed, which may lead to frequency deviation when the load changes. Therefore, a method combining adaptive parameter adjustment and model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to optimize the frequency performance of VSG. By analyzing the small-signal model of VSG, an adaptive adjustment strategy is proposed to suppress frequency fluctuation. At the same time, MPC is used to dynamically adjust the input power of VSG to enhance the response of power generation units to the change of power demand. Simulation results show that the proposed method effectively improves the frequency stability of the system.
  • Online Estimation of SOH for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Incremental Capacity Curves and QGA-BP
    ZHU Yongmao, LÜ Yin, SHAO Jianwei, Senior WANG Mengyuan, ZHANG Huiying, WANG Junhua
    2026, 24(9): 121-131. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.121
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Accurate estimation of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries can effectively ensure the safe operation of battery systems. To address the difficulties in selecting health indicators (HIs) and the problem that computational methods are prone to falling into local optimal solutions in the process of estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries, a lithium-ion battery SOH online estimation model based on incremental capcity (IC) of quantum genetic algorithm optimized back-propagation (QGA-BP) neural network is proposed. This algorithm first extracts key indicators from the IC curves during battery aging, subsequently conducts a correlation analysis between the extracted HIs and the SOH, then uses the extracted indicators as input to train the QGA-BP neural network to achieve online estimation of the SOH of lithium-ion batteries, and finally verified by the experimental data measured from the experimental platform and the NASA dataset. The results show that the maximum values of the mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed algorithm are 0.013 12, 0.012 94 and 0.017 86, respectively, compared with the traditional back-propagation (BP) neural network and other algorithm, with good convergence and robustness, and can achieve the accurate online estimation of SOH of lithium-ion batteries.
  • Joint SOC-SOH Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Three-stage Parameter Identification
    HOU Jianmin, QIAN Haifeng, LI Zixiang, YANG Wenjing
    2026, 24(9): 132-144. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.132
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The precise identification of model parameters for lithium-ion batteries is crucial for the observing of remaining battery capacity and extending the service life. However, traditional parameter identification methods are often affected by parameter coupling, getting trapped in a local optimum, and other factors, which reduce the estimation accuracy and subsequently lower the accuracy of the subsequent joint estimation. Therefore, an SOC-SOH joint estimation based on a three-stage parameter identification method is proposed. In the first stage, an RC model with fast and slow dynamic modules is constructed based on the internal dynamic characteristics of the battery. In the second stage, the fast dynamic (FD) module uses the forgetting factor recursiveleast squares (FFRLS) adaptive parameter identification method to identify the parameters R0, R1, and C1 with a forgetting factor. In the third stage, the slow dynamic (SD) module uses the adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm (AEKF) for online parameter identification, and combines the zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA) to solve the local optimum problem and further improve the accuracy of the parameter identification of UOC, R2, and C2. Considering that battery capacity and battery state have different time-varying characteristics, a multi-time scale method is used for the SOC-SOH joint estimation to improve the estimation accuracy. The simulation results show that the improved joint estimation method has better estimation characteristics than traditional methods in terms of average error and maximum error of SOC estimation under different temperatures and operating conditions.
  • Joint Estimation of SOC and SOH of Lithium-ion Battery Based on DMIAUKF Algorithm
    WANG Junrui, LI Jin, JI Changjiang, ZHU Xuqiang, WANG Ming
    2026, 24(9): 145-154. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.145
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is of great significance in improving the performance of battery management system (BMS). In order to solve the problem that the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm has low accuracy in estimating the SOC of lithium-ion batteries, a double-multi-new information adaptive UKF (DMIAUKF) algorithm considering battery aging is proposed based on the UKF algorithm. The algorithm uses two multi-new information adaptive unscented Kalman filters (MIAUKF) to simultaneously estimate the SOC and SOH of the battery. Taking the ternary lithium-ion battery as the experimental research object, under the hybrid pulse power characteristic (HPPC) condition, the offline parameter identification method is used to identify the parameters of the second-order RC equivalent circuit model. The experimental results show that the DMIAUKF algorithm achieves high accuracy in estimating the SOC and SOH of lithium-ion batteries under constant-current discharge and HPPC conditions.
  • Lithium-ion Battery SOC Estimation Based on AEKF Optimized by Dynamic Generalized Correntropy
    SONG Yuting, ZHOU Jun
    2026, 24(9): 155-163. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.155
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the shortcomings of low estimation accuracy and poor robustness of extended Kalman filter (EKF) state of charge (SOC) under non-Gaussian noise, an adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm based on dynamic generalized maximum correntropy (DGMCC-AEKF) optimization is proposed. The algorithm improves the robustness by replacing the minimum mean square error criterion with the generalized maximum correntropy criterion, and proposes a strategy of dynamically adjusting the kernel width parameters based on the exponential form combined with the iterative method, which improves the accuracy and stability. Under dynamic stress test (DST) and federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) conditions, the mean absolute error and root mean squared error of the new algorithm are lower than those of the existing adapative extended Kalman filter (AEKF), adapative iterated extended Kalman filler (AIEKF) and maximum correntropy criterion extended Kalman filter (MCC-EKF) algorithms. Compared with other adaptive kernel width methods, it has better performance under four noise schemes.
  • Research on the Life Assessment Method of Retired Power Battery Based on CNN-LSTM
    LI Haijun, WU Ziyao, WANG Hao
    2026, 24(9): 164-174. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.164
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the problems of difficulty in extracting feature parameters of the life assessment model of retired power batteries and low accuracy and low assessment efficiency in model improvement, the life assessment model combining convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network is improved by adding input feature parameters that are easy to extract, without increasing the computational burden. The equal voltage drop discharge time, equal temperature rise discharge time, and charging time during cycling of retired batteries are selected as the input feature parameters of the CNN-LSTM life assessment model, and the proposed model has improved accuracy and stability and is more efficient compared with the existing CNN-LSTM life assessment model. In addition, in order to improve the efficiency of the model in evaluating the life of retired batteries, the effect of reducing the proportion of training resources on the assessment results is explored, and it is found that when only 50% of the total number of battery cycles is selected as the training set of the model, the accuracy and stability of the model assessment can still be maintained at more than 99.00%.
  • Multi-mode Interleaved Balancing Control Scheme for Battery Packs Based on T-type Transformer
    ZHOU Zhipeng, WEI Yewen, GUO Liang, ZHANG Jie, YU Weixu, ZHANG Sijia
    2026, 24(9): 175-184. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.175
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issue of single-cell voltage inconsistency in energy storage battery packs caused by manufacturing processes and other factors, a balancing control scheme capable of interleaved operation in multiple working modes is proposed. This scheme consists of a T-type transformer-based active balancing topology and a corresponding multi-mode interleaved balancing control strategy. The balancing scheme uses the terminal voltage of the battery as the balancing variable and can operate in an interleaved manner under three working modes: partial cell-to-cell, cell-to-pack, and cell-to-cell. This improves the balancing speed. Simulation results from MATLAB/ Simulink platform show that, under three operating conditions—idle, charging, and discharging—the balancing time is significantly reduced compared to traditional transformer-based balancing circuits. Specifically, compared to the partial cell-to-cell balancing circuit, the balancing time is reduced by 45.2%, 38.4% and 41.1% respectively. Compared to the transformer-based cell-to-pack balancing circuit, it is reduced by 37%, 30.7% and 36.1% respectively. Compared to the transformer-based cell-to-cell balancing circuit, it is reduced by 21.2%, 25.8% and 32.6% respectively.
  • Modular Reconfigurable Equalization Circuits with Multi-mode Operation of Charge, Discharge and Static State
    LÜ Gao, LI Yue, YANG Hai, ZHANG Jialei
    2026, 24(9): 185-195. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.185
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries in industry and daily life, aiming at the existing problems of low energy utilization efficiency and long equalization time during battery pack equalization, the existing modular and reconfigurable circuits are improved, and a modular reconfigurable battery equalization circuit with multi-mode static charge-discharge operation is proposed. First, modularization processing and mathematical modeling of the equalization circuit are carried out. A bidirectional Cuk converter is used within the module; and a reconfigurable method is used for charging equalization between modules; discharge and static equalization dynamically modularize the battery pack with a bidirectional Buck-Boost converter. The battery equalization circuit is mathematically modeled, the working principle of the circuit is introduced, and the corresponding control strategies are developed for different equalization situations. Then, the simulation model of the proposed equalization circuit is constructed and compared with the traditional equalization circuit, and the equalization time, equalization efficiency and energy loss ratio of the circuit are analyzed. Finally, in combination with the hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform Typhoon, the battery equalization circuit is built, and the effectiveness of the proposed equalization circuit is verified.
  • Battery Parameter Estimation Method Based on Simulation Database
    CHEN Zhiwei, ZHANG Tingting, ZHANG Weige, ZHANG Yanru, ZHANG Junwei
    2026, 24(9): 196-204. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.196
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The inconsistency problem of lithium-ion batteries is one of the key factors affecting the overall performance output of battery packs, and accurate estimation of inconsistency parameters is crucial for the health management and optimization control of battery packs. The traditional complex single battery cell parameter estimation algorithm faces the problem of huge computational complexity when extended to all cells within the battery pack. A method for estimating inconsistent parameters based on an offline single battery cell simulation database is proposed. First, by building an equivalent circuit model to simulate and generate a comprehensive battery sample database. Then, segment voltage characteristic curves are extracted from the target battery charging data and compared with the sample library. Based on similarity measurement, the best matching sample is locked, thereby achieving rapid estimation of the capacity and internal resistance of all battery cells in the group. Subsequently, considering the interference of interpolation errors in the method and voltage sampling errors in practical applications, a correction mechanism based on sliding window search is proposed to improve estimation accuracy. Finally, method validation was conducted on 60 single battery-cell series connected battery packs set up in a laboratory environ- ment. The results showed that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the capacity did not exceed 0.40%, and MAPE of the internal resistance did not exceed 2.60%, and maintained good stability on simulated sampling error noise data.
  • Research on Liquid Cooling Scheme for High-rate Energy Storage Battery Based on Electric-thermal-fluid Coupling
    ZHU Herong, LI Chuang, XIONG Jie, YU Haibo, WANG Wanchun
    2026, 24(9): 205-213. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.205
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    To solve the problem of high temperature rise and poor temperature uniformity of energy storage battery module under high-rate operation, considering the heat generation of batteries and aluminum bars, an electric- thermal-fluid coupling simulation model for battery module was established, and the influence of cold plate arrangement scheme and flow rate on the temperature characteristics of the battery module was analyzed. The results indicate that the scheme of arranging double large surface or side cold plates can control the maximum temperature rise within 11.0 K, which is better than the scheme of arranging single large surface cold plates. The scheme of arranging side cold plates is superior to the scheme of arranging large surface cold plates in controlling the temperature rise range. Increasing the flow rate can effectively reduce the maximum temperature rise and temperature rise range of the module when the flow rate is within 3.0 L/min. Adding bottom cold plates in the scheme of arranging large or side cold plates can improve the temperature characteristics of the module when the flow rate is within 2.0 L/min. The comparison between experimental and simulation results shows that the maximum temperature rise error is within 0.9 K, which verifies the accuracy of the coupled simulation model.
  • Research on Water and Thermal Management Strategy of PEMFC Stacks under the Mixed Driving Cycle Condition
    FAN Yixing, TIAN Guofu, WU Ziyao
    2026, 24(9): 214-223. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.214
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    Operating temperature and humidity are key factors affecting the performance and lifetime of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Aiming at the shortcomings of low control accuracy and poor robustness in existing water and thermal management strategies, a water and thermal management strategy based on the twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) is proposed. The strategy was based on a water and thermal management system model, which improved the traditional control framework of independent control of the water pump, the radiator, and the cathode humidifier, and achieved synchronous control of temperature and humidity. Taking the water and thermal management of a PEMFC stack with 375 cells as an example, the proposed strategy is compared with the water and thermal management strategy based on the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) through simulation experiments under the mixed driving cycle condition. The maximum deviations of the inlet temperature of the stack and the temperature of the stack from the ideal temperature under the TD3-based strategy are reduced by 0.10 K and 0.07 K, respectively, compared with the maximum deviations under the DDPG-based strategy; the TD3-based strategy maintains the cathode inlet humidity between 25% and 62%, while the DDPG-based strategy maintains the cathode inlet humidity between 0 and 98%. The results show that, compared with the DDPG-based strategy, the proposed strategy performs better, effectively reducing the maximum temperature deviation and the range of humidity changes of the stack.
    • Power Electronic Dominated Power Systems
  • Joint Control Strategy for Suppressing Subsequent Phase Change Failures at the Receiving End of Hybrid Cascaded DC Transmission Systems
    ZHOU Nan, ZHANG Wei
    2026, 24(9): 224-235. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.224
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    The receiving end of the hybrid cascaded DC transmission system adopts a series structure composed of a line commutated converter (LCC) and parallel-connected modular multilevel converter (MMC) modules. This special structure has been applied in practical engineering. However, due to the extremely unavoidable first phase change failure of LCCs and the complex electrical characteristic relationship between LCCs and MMCs at the receiving end, the control strategy for suppressing the subsequent phase change failure at the receiving end of the hybrid cascaded DC transmission system has become difficult. To this end, a joint control strategy for suppressing subsequent phase change failure in hybrid cascaded DC transmission systems is proposed, which is to convert the variation of the inverter-side LCC extinction angle into the reactive power issued by the MMC, and to carry out a reasonable reactive power allocation of the MMC, and at the same time, to add a nonlinear voltage dependent current order limiter (VDCOL) control strategy in the LCC to achieve effective suppression of subsequent phase change failures in the hybrid cascaded DC transmission system. A simulation model is constructed in PSCAD to analyze the proposed joint control strategy, and the correctness of the proposed method and its adaptability to multiple faults are verified.
    • Transportation Electrification
  • Research on ADRC-based Auxiliary Power Supply for New Energy Locomotives
    XI He, XU Guo, SONG Junjian, XU Wenjing, SU Mei
    2026, 24(9): 236-244. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.236
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    To achieve lightweight and high-efficiency auxiliary power supply systems, a study was conducted on high-voltage and high-power DC-DC conversion power modules tailored for the application scenarios of new energy locomotive auxiliary power supplies. A quasi-two-stage topology was proposed, consisting of an input series output parallel (ISOP) three-level Boost (TL-Boost) and a full-bridge LLC resonant circuit, suitable for high-voltage and high-power applications. The working principle of this topology was detailed, and in response to the issues with traditional proportional integral (PI) control, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method was proposed, addressing the instability of output voltage due to load fluctuations. This ultimately achieved high current sharing and high-stability operation of the auxiliary power supply. A prototype was constructed, comprising two 150 kW TL-Boost+LLC resonant converters, which was validated. The experimental results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed DC-DC converter and control method, bearing significant engineering implications.
    • AI and Power Electronics
  • A Method for Identifying Power Quality Disturbances in the Petrochemical Industry Based on Multi-scale TCN and Multi-head Self-attention Mechanism
    WANG Hongzhang
    2026, 24(9): 245-253. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.245
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    With the digital transformation and development of the petrochemical industry, power quality issues are becoming increasingly serious. Due to production needs, a large number of nonlinear, asymmetric, and impactful power loads are connected to the power grid, resulting in a series of power quality disturbances that affect the safe operation of the petrochemical industry. On this basis, a deep-learning-based method for identifying power quality disturbances in the petrochemical industry is proposed. A multi-scale temporal convolutional network (TCN) is used to extract global and local features of power quality time-series signals, and a multi-head self-attention mechanism is introduced to highlight important features and improve the recognition performance of the model. Based on simulation data and power grid data from a petrochemical industry in a certain region, the experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high-precision identification of single and composite power quality disturbance signals, and has strong anti-noise and generalization capabilities.
    • Wireless Power Transfer
  • Anti-misalignment Single-ended Wireless Power Transfer System
    HUANG Zhicong, Senior WANG Jingyu, WANG Yu, XU Hai
    2026, 24(9): 254-262. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.254
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to address the problems that sensitivity of traditional single-ended driven wireless power transfer (WPT) systems to positional misalignment and their reliance on detection and control mechanisms, a novel single-ended driven WPT system with misalignment tolerance is proposed. The system is based on a hybrid configuration of unipolar and bipolar coils, maintaining constant coupling magnetic flux under misalignment conditions. By utilizing orthogonal excitation from two sets of single-ended driving circuits and optimizing the parameters of the compensation circuit, the system achieves constant voltage output resistant to positional misalignment without relying on detection and control. Furthermore, the system maintains efficiency without degradation across the entire range of positional misalignment. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed anti-misalignment system, demonstrating a constant voltage output with less than 0.77% ripple under [-24.24%, 24.24%] misalignment, while achieving an efficiency of 85.14% with ripple less than 1.96%. This approach not only reduces the number of switching devices and associated driving circuits but also ensures robust offset resistance capabilities.
  • Design Method of Dual-frequency Compensation Network for Wireless Power Transfer System
    WU Jie, YUE Zengguang, KONG Fei, LI Xu, CHEN Yafei, WANG Mingjie
    2026, 24(9): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.263
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The single inverter single transmitter multi-frequency and multi-receiver inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) system can simultaneously support multiple loads of different frequencies, with a simple structure and good compatibility, and has great potential for application. Its compensation network requires a large number of passive components, forming a high-order system with complex constraints, and thus the parameter design of high-power and high-efficiency compensation network faces enormous challenges. The dual-frequency LCC-S structure is taken as an example, and the design variables are reduced from seven to only one through analysis. In order to achieve high-power and high-efficiency transmission of the system, a dual-frequency compensation network design method based on differential evolution algorithm and Lagrange multiplier method is proposed, taking into account the influence of inductance parasitic resistances. Finally, an experimental prototype was constructed based on the design scheme obtained by this method. Experimental results demonstrate that the prototype can achieve load independence and constant voltage characteristics without relying on control methods, with a system output power of 165.83 W and a total efficiency of 94.05%.
  • Research and Design of Underwater Wireless Power Transfer System with Constant Power Characteristic
    ZU Jianzhong, ZHAO Jin, SUN Zuomin, MU Yayu, QIAN Wei
    2026, 24(9): 275-287. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.275
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A single-stage power-controlled wireless power transfer (WPT) system for underwater environments is proposed, in which the output power can be kept constant when the mutual inductance, input frequency, and load change. Compared with the conventional underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT) system, this system can achieve input frequency adaptation and second-side power customization, and has a wider output regulation range, which can enable underwater devices including autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to better adapt to different charging conditions. This UWPT system uses an S-S compensation network, but the secondary side is connected in series with a switched-controlled capacitor (SCC). Secondary side frequency following is achieved by controlling the SCC, while the conduction angle of the semi-active rectifier (SAR) is adjusted to reconfigure the equivalent impedance, and then the SCC is further regulated to eliminate the excess capacitive reactance of the secondary side, which ensures the constant current characteristics of the system and thus achieves the output power regulation. The system is defined only by the single-stage power definition of the second-side, which effectively circumvents the underwater wireless communication. The feasibility of the UWPT system as well as the control strategy was finally verified by multi-environmental simulation experiments.
  • A Novel Battery Balancing Structure System Based on Wireless Power Transfer
    LIU Yixuan, ZHANG Miao, XIAO Shenping
    2026, 24(9): 288-295. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.288
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A novel architecture for battery balancing systems based on wireless power transfer (WPT) is proposed to address the challenges of complex external wiring, low integration and poor maintainability. In this system, wireless power transfer coils, batteries, and the balancing control unit are integrated into a single structure. By incorporating relay coils, energy exchange pathways between any two imbalanced units are established. An LCC resonant network is introduced to suppress interference from non-imbalanced units during energy transfer. To overcome efficiency degradation caused by variations in battery load during balancing, a maximum efficiency tracking (MET) control strategy is developed. This strategy employs a semi-active rectifier (SAR) to emulate the optimal load, ensuring the system consistently operates at its maximum efficiency. To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, a six-coil balancing experimental platform is constructed. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed architecture and control strategy, demonstrating significantly enhanced energy transfer efficiency during balancing compared with existing WPT-based systems.
  • Quantitative Evaluation of the Comprehensive Performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle WPT Systems
    LIU Yao, ZHANG Bo
    2026, 24(9): 296-306. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.296
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the lack of systematic performance evaluation methods for unmanned aerial vehicle wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, a comprehensive quantitative evaluation model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed. The model establishes a hierarchical evaluation framework from three criteria layers: charging energy efficiency, system economy and applicability, as well as reliability and environmental adaptability. These are further subdivided into 13 specific indicators, including transmission efficiency, rated power, unit power cost, maintenance convenience, and environmental adaptability. The weight of each indicator is determined through expert judgment matrices, and a multi-dimensional quantitative analysis of the system is achieved by integrating the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A case study demonstrates that the model can effectively evaluate the performance of systems with different technical approaches, providing a scientific basis for the design optimization and selection decisions of unmanned aerial vehicle wireless power transfer systems.
    • Special Power Supplies
  • Design of High-voltage Power Supply Based on Planar Magnetic Integrated Transformer
    ZHU Yixin, ZHANG Wei, LIU Chunming, XU Dezhi
    2026, 24(9): 307-319. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.307
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The high-voltage power supply is a high-voltage and wide-range input power supply, which is used in flexible DC transmission systems to power the modular multilevel converter (MMC) submodule control circuit. In order to make the power supply work under a higher and wider input voltage range, a multi-channel input series structure is used to reduce the voltage stress of power and magnetic devices. In view of the problem of too many magnetic components in the series circuit and whether the input voltage at each level is balanced, a high-voltage power supply based on planar magnetic integrated transformer designed. First, the double-switch flyback topology and its important modes are introduced, and the principle of voltage self-balanced is analyzed. Subsequently, the planar magnetic integrated transformer is specifically designed. Then the planar magnetic integrated transformer is simulated by Maxwell software. The magnetic density distribution, loss and temperature rise characteristics of the transformer are analyzed. Finally, a prototype that can operate stably and effectively with an input voltage of 350.0 V~4 000.0 V and an output voltage of 400 V is built. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the design.
    • Motor Drives and Control
  • Deadbeat Predictive Control of PMSM Based on Improved Sliding Mode Observer
    HUANG Jingtao, Senior WANG Yanan, YANG Yihao, ZHANG Peng
    2026, 24(9): 320-330. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.320
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the degradation of control system performance caused by model prediction errors due to parameter perturbation and model mismatch during the operation of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a deadbeat predictive control method based on the improved sliding mode disturbance observer is proposed. First, aiming at the inherent chattering problem in sliding mode control, an adaptive hybrid reaching law for boundary layer based on sign function is designed to achieve smooth crossing at zero point. Then, fuzzy adaptive reasoning rules are designed to adjust the boundary layer width in real time to reduce the steady-state error, taking into account the rapidity of approaching sliding mode surface and chattering suppression, and the stability of the controller is proved. Finally, the feedforward compensation of the prediction model is carried out by using deadbeat current predictive control and fuzzy adaptive sliding mode disturbance observer to improve the robustness of the parameters. The experimental results show that this method can effectively compensate the parameter disturbance when the motor model parameters are misma- tched, and the steady-state error is small and the dynamic performance is good.
  • Three-level Model Predictive Current Control for PMSM Based on Variable Extended Space Vectors
    CHANG Jiujian, XUE Dawei
    2026, 24(9): 331-341. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.331
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the problems of large current output harmonic, complex calculation and the need for additional setting of the neutral-point voltage weighting coefficient in conventional model predictive current control strategy for neutral point clamped three-level inverter, a variable extended space vector model predictive current control strategy is proposed. First, based on the deadbeat principle, the voltage vectors are optimized in the rotating 60° coordinate system; then, the duty ratio is dynamically changed according to the magnitude of the amplitude and phase errors between the reference voltage vector and the actual voltage vector, thus synthesizing a variable extended space vector set with reduced candidate voltage vector set to 8; subsequently, by constructing virtual vectors and introducing the neutral point balancing factor, the neutral point voltage weight coefficient is eliminated and has good neutral point voltage balancing ability; finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated through experiments.
  • An Apparent Inductance Identification for PMSM Sensorless Control Based on Minimum Adjustment Algorithm
    JIANG Yafei, GE Yang
    2026, 24(9): 342-350. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.342
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The model-based permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) sensorless control technique relies on the motor parameters. However, the parameters’ values of PMSM always change in operation. And due to the magnetic saturation effects, the difference between the apparent inductance and the incremental inductance always exists, which makes it hard to obtain the necessary apparent inductance for sensorless control. To overcome this problem, an online apparent inductance identification method based on minimum adjustment algorithm for PMSM sensorless control is proposed. First, the incremental inductance table at different working points is obtained offline. Then, the asymmetric high-frequency signal injection is used to identify the incremental inductance at one working point. The incremental inductance table is adaptively adjusted by the proposed minimum adjustment algorithm. Finally, the apparent inductance is calculated using the adjusted inductance table. The proposed method is embedded into PMSM sensorless control technique to overcome the inductance mismatch problem. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of this method.
    • EMI/EMC
  • A Fault-tolerant Operation Strategy for Cascaded H-bridge Inverters Aimed at Reducing Common-mode Voltage
    YANG Liu, HUANG Hai, QIU Ronglu, WANG Hanyu, ZHANG Xing
    2026, 24(9): 351-359. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.351
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters require common-mode voltage (CMV) injection for fault-tolerant operation, which enables the inverter to maintain balanced line-to-line voltage after a fault without additional hardware costs. However, it can potentially lead to unbalanced power in a three-phase system, leading to reverse power flow, which is unwanted in applications. To mitigate these side-effects, a method for injecting CMV that combines the third harmonic and an alternating clamping algorithm is proposed to minimize the fundamental common-mode voltage (FCMV). The approach starts by using alternating clamping to determine CMV, thereby increasing the output voltage of the faulty phase and reducing CMV. Subsequently, the third harmonic is injected to expand the linear modulation region of the CMV, thereby increasing the maximum line-to-line voltage limit achievable without CMV injection. This optimization mitigates the limitation that smaller line-to-line voltages require larger CMV injection of the proposed method. The proposed fault-tolerant operation strategy demonstrates simple calculations and a reduced FCMV, enhancing converter performance after a fault. Simulations and experiments confirm the effectiveness of this method.
  • Analytical Models of Common-mode Voltage under Discontinuous Pulse-width Modulation for Inverters
    ZHENG Jian, LIN Liangshuai, PENG Cunxing, ZHAO Kaihui, LIU Fang
    2026, 24(9): 360-370. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.9.360
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) is widely used in high-power, high-switching three- phase inverters. With the improvement of the inverter performance requirements, the negative impact of the common- mode voltage generated by DPWM on the system cannot be ignored. In order to predict and suppress common-mode voltages, it is necessary to establish the mathematical analytical models of common-mode voltages. By applying the double Fourier series theory, the analytical models for common-mode voltage of DPWM0, DPWM1, and DPWMmax are established. The calculated spectra are derived from the analytical models. The characteristic patterns of common-mode voltage are derived and several approaches to suppressing common-mode voltage are given through the analyses and comparisons of these three analytical models and calculated spectra. Simulations and experiments are carried out based on an inverter-driven motor system, and the simulated spectra and experimental spectra of the common-mode voltage are consistent with the calculated spectra, which verifies the correctness and validity of the analytical models.
Volume 24 Issue 9
30 September 2026
Supervised by:
China Association for Science and Technology
Sponsored by:
China Power Supply Society
National Ocean Technology Center
Edited by: Editorial Department of JOURNAL OF POWER SUPPLY
Distribution in China: Local Post Offices or Online subscription
Editor-in-Chief: Jiaxin Han
Acting Editor-in-Chief: Xinbo Ruan
Co-Editor-in-Chief: Xiong Du and Wu Chen
Editorial Manager: Guozhen Chen
CN: 12-1420/TM
ISSN: 2095-2805
Postal Code in China: 6-273
International Postal Code: BM8665
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