28 February 2026, Volume 24 Issue 2

    

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Passive Devices
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  Design of Planar Transformer for Flyback Photovoltaic Micro Inverter

  ZHU Yixin, HOU Dacheng, LIU Chunming, XU Dezhi

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.1

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  A micro inverter can be directly connected to a photovoltaic board, and it has advantages such as a simple structure, a small size and input output isolation. To expand the power range of the photovoltaic micro inverter, two flyback converters can be interleaved and connected in parallel at the front stage DC-DC section, and an active clamping circuit can be used to improve the efficiency of the micro inverter. In response to the issues of temperature rise in a high-frequency power transformer and low power density in outdoor high-temperature environments, a planar transformer applied to micro inverters is designed. First, the working principle for flyback micro inverters is analyzed. Second, the electrical parameters and winding structure of the planar transformer are designed, and the magnetic density distribution and loss of the planar transformer core are simulated using Maxwell software. Finally, a 220 W interleaved parallel flyback micro inverter prototype was built for experimental testing. Experimental results proved the effectiveness of the design, and the prototype can perform stable work.
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  Core Loss Calculation of Segmented Air Gap Core Inductor Based on Magnetic Circuit Method

  GU Aiyu, FU Liquan, DONG Yue

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 10-17. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.10

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  In the design of inductors for switching power supply and transformers, the calculation of magnetic circuit parameters is of significance. Given that it is difficult to accurately calculate the core reluctance and core loss of the center-column segmented air gap, an improved magnetic circuit model of the inductor core is proposed with an EC-type inductor core as an example, which is based on the exact domain solution and conformal transformation. Through theoretical analysis, the analytical expression for the equivalent magnetic reluctance of diffused magnetic flux near the center-column air gap in the magnetic core is derived, and a calculation model of magnetic reluctance for the uneven magnetic flux in the inner angle of the magnetic core is put forward as well. Finally, a 3D model was established in the eddy current field of ANSYS Maxwell simulation software, and physical experiments were also carried out. A comparison of theoretical results with simulation results and experimental data verified the accuracy of the theoretical analysis, providing theoretical guidance and reference for the optimization design and industrial production of various magnetic cores of inductors or transformers used in segmented air gaps in switching power supply.
Power Converter Topologies
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  Novel High-gain DC-DC Converter Based on Switched Inductor and Switched Capacitor

  PAN Xuewei, LI Sinan, ZHANG Zhongyue, WANG Can

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 18-29. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.18

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  A novel high-gain DC-DC converter based on switched inductor and switched capacitor units is proposed. By configuring one set of switched inductor units and two sets of switched capacitor units, a high gain is achieved while maintaining the low voltage stress and low current stress on each component in the converter. The operation principle for the novel converter in different current modes is explained, and its voltage gain characteristics are derived. In a continous conduction mode (CCM), the current stress on the main components in the converter decreases as the gain increases, so a high efficiency is maintained at high gains. High gains can also be achieved in a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In addition, the boundary between the CCM and DCM modes of the converter is derived according to the gain relationship. A 325 W experimental prototype was built to verify the effectiveness of the topology and theory, and it was found that the measured converter gain can reach 18 times and the highest efficiency can reach 94.9%.
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  Design and Analysis of Wide-range Dual-output Buck-Boost Converter

  FANG Xupeng, ZHU Cunliang, ZHANG Yunxu, HUANG Leyu

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.30

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  To solve the problem of a small output voltage range in single-inductor dual-output Buck-Boost converters, a quadratic unit structure is introduced in this paper, which is the voltage gain by D_i/(1-D_i) times and significantly expand the voltage range.According to the working state of the power supply inductor, the power supply modes of the converter can be divided into four types, i.e., complete inductor supply mode, incomplete inductor supply mode, dual-branch supply mode and single-branch supply mode. The voltage gain, ripple voltage and critical inductance values between each mode of the four power supply modes are calculated. The converter has four output states, i.e., Boost, Buck, Boost-Buck and constant-voltage, and the duty cycle conditions in each output state are derived. Finally, experiments were conducted in four power supply modes and four output states of the converter, proving that the theoretical analysis is correct and the performance of the converter is reliable.
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  Analysis and Design of Magnetic Integrated Boost Converter with High Voltage Gain and High Dynamic Response

  LIU He, QU Lu, TONG Qiang

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 40-49. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.40

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  The conventional interleaved parallel Boost converter is widely applied in step-up power supply systems. Although it is theoretically possible to obtain a higher voltage gain by increasing the duty cycle, the voltage gain usually does not exceed 4 times due to the influence of non-ideal factors such as the reverse recovery time of diodes and parasitic parameters. In addition, the gain limit will further decrease with increases in output voltage and power. To solve these problems, a Boost converter with a high voltage gain is proposed to expand the output voltage range at the same input voltage level. Meanwhile, the input and output filter inductors in the converter are integrated into one pair of magnetic cores, so as to eliminate the inherent right half plane zero in conventional Boost converters while improving the power density. Therefore, the output dynamic response speed is significantly improved. The working principle for the converter is analyzed, its characteristics are summarized, and the magnetic core selection method for the coupled inductor is discussed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme was verified through simulations and experimental results.
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  Modular Combined DC-DC Converter Based on Buck-LLC Integration for New Energy Resources Access

  ZHOU Qianfan, WAN Dai, DUAN Xujin, ZHU Jiran

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 50-61. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.50

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  The operating characteristics of DC-DC converters have a profound impact on the flexible scheduling of distributed resources in active distribution network. A modular combined DC-DC converter based on Buck-LLC integration is proposed for new energy resources access. Through the high isolation resonant power unit, the input is connected in series to provide high voltage withstand capacity while the output is connected in parallel to meet the demand of high power, thus realizing the efficient transmission of high power. The proposed topology adjusts the duty cycle of a series dual Buck circuit to meet the requirements of connecting different medium-voltage DC networks. By introducing an auxiliary inductor, the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) problem of all the switches in a wide input range is solved, and the energy transmission efficiency is improved. Based on a study on the ZVS boundary conditions for each switch, the auxiliary circuit and control parameters areoptimally designed. Finally, a power unit prototype with 6.25-7.00 kW was designed and fabricated, and experimental results verified the feasibility of the proposed topology, as well as the correctness of the aforementioned working principle and steady-state analysis.
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  Three-level LLC Resonant Converter with Wide Output Range and Its Control Strategy

  ZHU Hao, LIAO Zhiling

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 62-70. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.62

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  With the massive growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the applications of EV charging equipment have also increased. Aimed at the disadvantages of traditional EV charging converters such as a small voltage-gain range, a low efficiency in low voltage output mode and a high voltage stress in rectifier diodes on the secondary side, the topology of a three-level LLC resonant converter with integrated flying-capacitor cell is improved, and a Burst control strategy with variable pulse width is proposed to enhance the efficiency in low voltage output mode. Through the hybrid control composed of pulse frequency modulation and the proposed Burst control strategy with variable pulse width, a wide output voltage is achieved, and the voltage-gain range under the Burst control strategy with variable pulse width is analyzed using first harmonic approximation. Finally, an experimental prototype with maximum power of 2 000 W was built, and results verified the feasibility of the novel topology of the improved three-level LLC resonant converter with integrated flying-capacitor cell and its Burst control strategy with variable pulse width.
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  Research on Flexible DC-DC Converter with Two Selectable Topologies

  ZHAO Meng, FU Ming, LI Yafei, MA Qianli, ZHU Qing, LIU Yi

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 71-79. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.71

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  A flexible DC-DC converter with four output connectors is proposed, which can freely switch between a three-level Boost topology and a totem-pole Boost topology according to different connections of output connectors. The operation modes and steady-state performance of these two topologies are analyzed, along with the corresponding application scenarioof each topology. In addition, the topology switching condition and practical implementation are also discussed. It is found and verified that the totem-pole Boost topology features a large step-up ratio. A circuit model is built in the PSIM simulation environment, the component parameters are designed, and the related simulation results are given. A 640 W hardware prototype with a peak efficiency of 98.5% was tested, and part of the key waveforms were plotted. Simulation and experimental results show that this flexible DC-DC converter has characteristics of application flexibility, a simpler circuit structure and a higher efficiency.
Power Converter Modeling and Control
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  T-type Three-level Universal Average Circuit Model Controlled by VSG

  LI Xianyun, CHENG Yu, CHENG Shuang, LIANG Zixin, ZHENG Yuxuan

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 80-90. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.80

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  The grid-forming photovoltaic systems with traditional three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters has problems such as large harmonics and low efficiency, and the main modeling research on grid-forming virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control at present does not take into account the influences of inverter topology and multilevel converter on the system stability. Since the T-type three-level has advantages including small harmonics and low switching loss, a universal T-type three-level state space average model applied to grid-forming VSG is proposed. An equivalent controlled source circuit is formed with a substitution of the controlled source by averaging the switching devices in the circuit, and a complete state space equation is established for stability analysis. Finally, simulations and experiments were carried out to verify the adaptability of the established equivalent controlled source model and the actual circuit. Results show that the output characteristics of the VSG mathematical model based on the controlled source are almost consistent with those of the actual model, and it has good stability.
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  Current Stress Suppression Strategy for CLLLC Resonant Converter

  ZHANG Xinwen, LIU Bailin, YANG Shude

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 91-100. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.91

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  Under over-resonant operating conditions, a CLLLC resonant converter with frequency modulation control will generate excessive current stress. On the basis, a control strategy based on phase-shift frequency modulation is proposed to suppress the current stress. A resonant current model under phase-shift frequency modulation control is established by the first harmonic approximation method. According to the soft switching condition and transmission power characteristics of the converter, the phase-shift values on the primary and secondary sides of the isolation transformer are obtained. Combined with the switching frequency obtained by frequency modulation control, the resonant current stress is reduced. Finally, a circuit simulation model and an experimental system of the CLLLC resonant converter were built to verify the analytical conclusions, and results show that the proposed strategy has a significant inhibitory effect on current stress.
Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage
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  Charge and Discharge Control of Switched-reluctance Machine Driven Flywheel Energy Storage System Based on Fuzzy PID

  ZHU Zhiying, AN Cong, CONG Bingyu, MENG Fanhao, JIAO Jinshuai

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 101-107. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.101

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  To improve the stability of a vehicle-mounted flywheel energy storage system (FESS) under changes in speed and load, a charge and discharge control strategy for switched-reluctance machine (SRM) driven FESS (SRM-FESS) based on fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) was proposed. This strategy is based on the basic structure and principle of the system, and a fuzzy PID controller with adaptive parameters and the control models of charge and discharge were constructed. During the charging process, a dual closed-loop control of speed and current was adopted, where the fuzzy PID control was used for the outer-loop speed control, while the low-speed current chopper and high-speed angle position control were used for the inner-loop current control to achieve the stable operation at variable speeds. During the discharging process, a dual closed-loop control of voltage and current was used to stabilize the output voltage and limit the current. Finally, the simulation results under multi-condition operation prove that the fuzzy PID control can effectively improve the response speed and reduce the overshoot of speed and voltage, indicating that the charge and discharge control strategy realize the stable operation of FESS under sudden changes in speed and load.
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  Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery SOC Based on Predictive Static Open Circuit Voltage Method

  LING Liuyi, ZHANG Hu, ZHANG Ting, YANG Chong, QI Liang

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 108-115. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.108

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  The state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of batteries generally uses the principle of ampere-hour integration to construct SOC models, which are further combined with filtering algorithms. To address the problems of a slow convergence speed and complex calculation, a predictive static open circuit voltage (PSOCV) method is proposed based on the open circuit voltage principle and second-order RC circuit models. The feasibility of discrete-time forward and backward difference state-space equations was discussed, and the parameter accuracy was also compared between linear interpolation (LI) fitting and least squares (LS) fitting. Experimental results show that LI fitting is generally better than LS fitting. The average absolute error of SOC estimation obtained using the LI-PSOCV algorithm under HPPC and UDDS operating conditions is below 1%. Compared with the cubature Kalman filter (CKF), the LI-PSOCV algorithm can converge instantly when the initial SOC value deviates and run faster.
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  SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Reconstructed SOC-OCV Curves at Different Temperatures

  CHEN Guisheng, XU Yangsong, LI Junda, SHEN Yinggang, XIAO Renxin, YANG Jie

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 116-126. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.116

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  The curve of relationship between the state-of-charge (SOC) and open-circuit voltage (OCV) of lithium-ion batteries is the core factor affecting the SOC estimation accuracy. However, the traditional methods obtain the SOC-OCV curve through incremental OCV tests, which require a lot of time. Under this background, a method for reconstructing SOC-OCV curves at different temperatures is proposed in this paper, so as to improve the SOC estimation accuracy while reducing the experimental time. First, a small number of key OCV test points are determined by the SOC-OCV curve obtained from the traditional incremental OCV test at room temperature. At other temperatures, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to identify the OCV value in untested areas, with the determined key OCV test points as the boundary and 5% SOC as an interval. Based on the test and identified values of OCV, the SOC-OCV curves at different temperatures are reconstructed. This method improves the accuracy of SOC-OCV curves while reducing the OCV test points. Based on reconstructed SOC-OCV curves, the SOC is estimated by an adaptive extended Kalman filter. Results show that the root mean square error of SOC estimation decreased by at least 40% at different temperatures.
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  Influences of Diversion and Suppression Surfaces of Blocking Block on Output Performance of PEMFC

  LIU Qiang, CHENG Tiancai, JIANG Guangjun, ZHAO Qi, MU Dongming, WANG Pengkai

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 127-135. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.127

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  Aimed at the problem that the performance of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is affected by fuel delivery and water management, based on a single-channel PEMFC, a three-dimensional numerical analysis method is used to compare and study the effects of three types of blocking blocks on the performance of PEMFC due to the diversion or suppression effect on the windward and leeward surfaces. Resultsshow that the output performance of the channel with added blocking blocks is improved compared with those of traditional channels, with a fan shaped section block having the best effect. For a flow channel with the fan shaped section block, when the output voltage is 0.5 V, the current density increases by 6.52% compared with the traditional flow channels. Moreover, when the blocking block acts as a guide on the windward side and suppresses the gas flow on the leeward side, it can maximize the output performance of PEMFC. When both the windward and leeward sides of the blocking block serve as a guide, the performance improvement is the least significant. This research provides a novel standard for the selection of blocking blocks and has certain guiding significance for improving the net power density of PEMFC.
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  Research on Modular Layered Active Equalization Method for Series Battery Pack

  ZHANG Xuyang, XU Feng, ZHOU Hua, WEI Yewen

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 136-144. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.136

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  To improve the consistency difference in series battery pack, a modular layered active equalization method based on inductive energy storage is proposed. First, by combining the characteristics of high equalization accuracy of inductive energy storage, a novel topology is proposed, and its parameters are designed through a detailed analysis of its working principle. Second, based on the equalization principle, an adaptive equalization control strategy is designed to match the proposed topology. Third, the analysis of its topological cost and equalization performance shows that the novel topology has advantages of a simple structure, a low cost and a fast equalization speed. Finally, a simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink, the effectiveness of the novel equalization method under different working conditions is verified, and it is found that this method is superior to similar equalization methods in terms of equalization speed.
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  Research on Circulating Current Suppression and Voltage Stability Control Strategy for Energy Storage VSG

  LI Xiangzhu, XU Yonghai

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 145-154. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.145

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  The power conversion system (PCS) for energy storage uses a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control system that simulates the rotation and excitation characteristics of synchronous motors, so as to achieve the applications of energy storage in the field of power system frequency regulation. Under frequency modulation conditions, electrochemical batteries frequently charge and discharge, and they often require the PCS to operate under reduced load. In this case, the power difference can cause changes in the power angle and voltage of the VSG, resulting in circulating current within the equipment. A variable-parameter virtual impedance scheme coupled with the power change rate is proposed to match the equivalent impedance with the variation in PCS power. In response to the problem of poor output voltage anti-interference capability caused by changes in the energy storage power, a second-order linear auto-disturbance rejection control method including an error robust integral tracking module is put forward, so as to achieve the stable output voltage from the energy storage. Simulation results based on PSCAD show that the matching of variable-parameter virtual impedance with the power variation of PCS can effectively suppress circulating current within the equipment, and the second-order linear auto-disturbance rejection control can effectively improve the voltage control link’s capability of suppressing voltage fluctuations, thereby enhancing the robustness of the energy storage VSG control system.
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  Optimal Dispatching of Active Power for Offshore Wind Farm Considering Fatigue Load Distribution in Wind Turbines

  JING Shaowei, REN Zixu, WEI Shurong

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 155-164. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.155

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  The operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind farms are more than twice as high as those onshore, and the uneven fatigue load distribution in wind turbines leads to a high maintenance frequency for wind farms, which makes the problem of high operation and maintenance costs of wind farms more prominent. Under this background, an optimal dispatching strategy for the active power of an offshore wind farm is proposed, which takes into account the fatigue load distribution in wind turbines. First, a fatigue load assessment model based on a fatigue load coefficient for offshore wind turbines is put forward, in which the relationship of fatigue load coefficient with wind turbine active power output and ambient wind turbulence fluctuation is constructed, the comprehensive fatigue damage of wind turbines is assessed through the fatigue load coefficient, and the problem of wind turbine fatigue load optimization is transformed into an active power control problem. Second, the wind farm wake loss is minimized under the minimum thrust coefficient control strategy, and the fatigue load distribution in wind turbines is balanced on the premise that the total fatigue load of the wind farm is not increased and the total power output from the wind farm is not lower than the value under the maximum power point tracking control strategy for wind turbines, so that the maintenance frequency of each unit is synchronized. Therefore, the overall maintenance frequency of the wind farm is reduced. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the maintenance cost of one wind farm, providing technical support for the demand of cost reduction and efficiency improvement in the era of offshore wind power parity.
Power Electronic Dominated Power Systems
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  Optimal Scheduling on Both Sides of Source and Load for Integrated Energy System with Operation Flexibility

  YANG Dongfeng, SHENG He, HAO Zhonghua, HAO Guangyao, LI Chenggang, ZHUANG Guanqun

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 165-177. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.165

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  The Three-North region in China is rich in wind and PV resources. However, the system flexibility is insufficient due to the operation constraint of “fixing power based on heat” on the combined heat and power unit, which leads to the phenomenon of wind power abandonment especially in the winter heating period. To fully exploit the system flexibility and improve the consumption level of wind power, an optimal scheduling model for an integrated energy system with operation flexibility is proposed. First, according to the physical characteristics of different types of power supply, the indices that quantify the flexibility are introduced by combing factors such as load, volatility and randomness, and a supply and demand balance model for flexibility is also established. Then, the flexibility coupling mechanism on both sides of source and load is analyzed, and the space of wind power consumption after the system flexibility is improved is quantified. On this basis, the influence of different new energy penetration rates on the system flexibility is considered. Finally, the result of a simulation example proves that the proposed scheduling model can coordinate with the flexibility resources on both sides of source and load to achieve mutual gain, which verifies its feasibility in improving the flexibility.
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  Load Frequency Predictive Control of Interconnected Power System with Virtual Power Plant

  HE Jiale, JIANG Chao, SUN Zhenglong, YOASH Levron

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 178-187. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.178

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  The goal of avirtual power plant (VPP) is to aggregate and use a large number of distributed generations (DGs) with tiny capacities. A load frequency control (LFC) model for the secondary frequency regulation of thermal power units is constructed with the time-segmented participation of a VPP that aggregates energy storage, electric vehicles and wind turbines, and a kind of centralized automatic generation control strategy with VPP is proposed. The frequency modulation model for aggregated resources in the VPP is analyzed, the constraints on each frequency modulation link are taken into account, and the minimization of frequency modulation costs and area control erroris taken as an objective. Meanwhile, model predictive control is used to optimize the allocation of power output from DGs within the VPP. The proposed LFC model for a two-region power system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, and the frequency error and power deviation of the tie line are compared before and after the VPP takes part in the system frequency modulation. According to the simulation results, it is found that the multi-region LFC with participation of VPP can reduce frequency disturbances and power deviation of the tie line brought by power fluctuations, and the proposed control strategy can achieve the optimal allocation of active output. Comparison with the conventional PID regulation, this strategy also has better control outcomes.
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  Novel Multi-scale Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Hybrid Rectifier Used in Electrolytic Hydrogen Production

  ZHANG Hua, JIANG Luling, MENG Xin, YANG Haoran

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 188-195. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.188

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  Since the electrolytic hydrogen production (EHP) load has a large capacity, a fast response speed and flexible and adjustable power, it is a natural physical resource that can provide energy for frequency regulation. However, due to limitations on the existing two kinds of rectifiers used in EHP(i.e., thyristor and PWM rectifiers), it is difficult to realize the participation of EHP load in the system’s multi-scale frequency regulation. In this paper, a novel multi-scale frequency regulation control strategy for a hybrid rectifier used in EHP is proposed. A droop relationship between the firing angle of a thyristor rectifier in the hybrid rectifier and the system frequency is built, so as to realize the primary frequency regulation by regulating the hydrogen production power flowing through the thyristor rectifier according to changes in the system frequency. The auxiliary converter adopts virtual synchronous machine control to realize the inertia compensation, thereby smoothing the rate of change of frequency and gaining time for the primary frequency regulation performed by thethyristor rectifier. Through the coordination between the thyristor rectifier and the auxiliary converter in the hybrid rectifier, the multi-scale frequency regulation of EHP load is achieved. Finally, a low power experimental platform was established to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Transportation Electrification
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  Review of Researches on Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Road Traffic Information

  ZHOU Lingxue, LI Lei, MAO Jianwei, ZHOU Hongxu, WU Xiaohua, JIANG Ping

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 196-207. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.196

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  Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been widely developed in recent years owing to their advantages such as environmental protection, low noise and energy saving. The signal intersections are an important part of urban roads, where the traffic congestion is easy to occur when the road vehicle density is high, thus reducing the efficiency of the entire road network and affecting the fuel economy of vehicles. With the development of new technologies such as intelligent transport systems, the problem of HEV energy management considering the road traffic information is becoming a research hotspot. The research results of speed planning and energy management strategy (EMS) for HEVs considering road slopes and combination of single and mixed vehicles at signal intersections are introduced, the existing methods of speed trajectory optimization and EMS based on fusing the road traffic information which are proposed by scholars both at home and abroad are summarized, and the development of EMS considering the traffic information is also discussed.
AI and Power Electronics
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  Capacity Optimization of Hybrid Energy Storage Based on Improved Immune Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

  LI Lianbing, WANG Lanchao, JING Ruixiong, XIAO Yaze, YANG Shaobo

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 208-215. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.208

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  To improve the economy and stability of microgrid operation, it is necessary to optimize the capacity of microgrid reasonably according to the meteorological information and load information. Under this background, a mathematical model of distributed power sources is established. According to the constraint conditions and operation strategy for the system, the number of distributed power sources is taken as an optimization variable, and the minimum total cost is taken as an objective function. The improved immune particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the capacity of microgrid. First, normal distribution is used for initialization, so as to increase the population diversity. Then, the nonlinear inertia factor, adaptive inertia weight and chaotic disturbance operator are used to improve the convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method is reasonable and can effectively reduce the investment cost, providing a reference value for the capacity optimization of microgrid.
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  Photovoltaic MPPT Control Based on Improved DBO Algorithm

  KONG Lingzhe, LIN Menghan, WEI Yongqin, LI Zhen

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 216-222. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.216

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  Under partial shading conditions, a multi-peak state will appear in the P-U curve of photovoltaic array. In this case, the conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is prone to fall into local extremum, which cannot accurately track the maximum power point of a photovoltaic power generation system in time. Aimed at this problem, a MPPT control strategy based on an improved dung beetle optimizer (IDBO) algorithm is proposed. First, the targeted initialization of the dung beetle population is optimized, and the Levy flight strategy is introduced in the position update process. Through simulation verification and physical experiment verification on a MATLAB/Simulink platform, the IDBO algorithm can find the global maximum power point faster and more stably than the traditional algorithm under both the static and dynamic conditions.
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  State-of-health Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Health Factors and PSO-LSTM

  NING Xuefeng, SHI Zhenglu, XU Jiazhu

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 223-232. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.223

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  The state-of-health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a key parameter that characterizes their real lifespan. To improve the accuracy of SOH estimation for LIBs, a novel SOH estimation method based on health factors and improved long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is proposed. First, ten health factors that are highly correlated with the changes in SOH are selected as the characteristics of SOH. Second, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced to optimize the hyper-parameter of the LSTM neural network, and an estimation model based on PSO-LSTM is constructed. Finally, the extracted health factors are used as model input to achieve an accurate estimation of SOH. Results show that when 70%, 60% and 50% of data from the whole sample are taken as the training set respectively and the remaining data is taken as the test set, the SOH estimation errors are mainly distributed in a range of less than 2%. Meanwhile, the PSO-LSTM model demonstrates higher estimation accuracy and better robustness compared with the existing LSTM and feed-forward neural networks (FNN).
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  Estimation of State-of-health of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on ISSA-GPR

  ZHANG Mengdi, LIU Yang, CHEN Jian, JI Jinpeng, YAO Zhiwei, GONG Yanyong

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 233-243. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.233

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  The state-of-health (SOH) of a battery is difficult to be directly measured, so an accurate estimation of SOH is critical for ensuring its safe operation. Aimed at the problem of SOH estimation of lithium-ion batteries, an SOH estimation method based on improved sparrow search algorithm-Gaussian process regression (ISSA-GPR) is proposed. First, ISSA is used to optimize the parameters of a GPR model, and the GPR model based on ISSA is constructed. Then, the capacity increment curve is analyzed to extract the health factors that characterize the battery capacity degradation as the input of the model, the optimal voltage interval length with the peak as the center area is determined by ISSA, and the SOH of batteries is obtained to perform estimation. Finally, the public experimental data sets are applied to verify the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed ISSA-GPR method can accurately estimate the SOH of batteries.
Wireless Power Transfer
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  High-efficiency CC/CV Output Regulating Method for UAV- WPT System Based on Voltage-controlled Capacitor

  TIAN Jihao, ZHOU Lingyun, LIU Shunpan, MAI Ruikun

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 244-253. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.244

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  The wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, which can provide flexible and convenient power supply for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) without human assistance, is an important research direction for the intelligent development of UAVs in the future. To meet the practical requirements of lightweight, constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging, and a high-power transmission efficiency for a UAV-WPT system, a high-efficiency CC/CV output regulating method for the UAV-WPT system based on voltage-controlled capacitor (VCC) is proposed. On the transmitter side, a VCC is utilized as the compensated capacitor. By dynamically adjusting the equivalent impedance of the VCC, the output current and voltage from the system can be effectively controlled. Meanwhile, zero-voltage switching can also be achieved in the inverter in a wide load range without any extra auxiliary power sources or inductors. The operating principle for the proposed UAV-WPT system and its power loss model are analyzed in detail. In addition, a DC bias voltage regulation module, a closed-loop control strategy and a parameter design method for the VCC are designed. Experimental results show that under the rated output conditions of 25.2 V and 6 A, the system’s overall efficiency can reach 88.8%.
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  Electric-field Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System for UUV with Anti-offset and Leakage Field Shielding Characteristics

  QIAN Linjun, YU Boquan, LIU Yabing, WANG Yuankui, HU Limin

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 254-263. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.254

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  Aimed at the problems in an electric-field coupled wireless power transfer (EC-WPT) system for underwater unmanned vehicle (UUV) such as poor anti-offset performance and large leakage field radiation, a UUV EC-WPT system with anti-offset and leakage field shielding characteristics is proposed. First, a novel five-stage plate coupler suitable for UUV is given, the ten coupling capacitors generated by the coupler are simplified, and an equivalent model of the coupler is established. Second, the EC-WPT system with dual LC compensation is taken as an example, a calculation method for system output parameters is formulated, and circuit simulation is also carried out. The electric field around the system is analyzed using the finite element method according to the electrode plate voltage obtained from simulations, so as to verify the leakage field shielding characteristics of the novel coupler. Resultsshow that there is almost no leakage field inside the UUV in the system. Finally, an experimental device was built to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme for wireless power supply to UUV from the aspects of energy transmission performance and anti-offset performance. In the experiment, 74 W power transmission was achieved, with an efficiency of 85.6%. When the energy receiver was offset from three dimensions, the system’s output power and efficiency changed little.
Motor Drives and Control
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  Torque Compensation Method for PMSM over Wide Temperature Range Based on Data-driven Model

  BIAN Yuanjun, WEN Xuhui, FAN Tao, LI Hongyang, LIU Zhongyong

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 264-273. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.264

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  In the drive system for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in electric vehicles, optimization strategies such as maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) are often applied to optimize the motor’s operating efficiency. However, the optimization methods based on offline data look-up table and motor parameter identification are difficult to cope with the challenges of motor parameter saturation and permanent magnet temperature change at the same time. In this paper, a method of synchronous compensation of electromagnetic torque and optimal current angle based on data-driven model is proposed. First, a response surface model of flux linkage is established based on the multi-temperature offline data, and a wide-temperature torque model of the motor is obtained by combining the online status information with the offline model through the least square identification of flux linkage error parameters. Then, the electromagnetic torque compensation and online current angle optimization are realized based on this model. Finally, experimental results show that under the premise that the response speed of the proposed method is not inferior to that of the lookup table method, the novel method allows the PMSM to obtain better electromagnetic torque accuracy and torque per ampere over the wide temperature range.
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  ANPC Three-level Multi-mode SSVPWM Switching Strategy

  YUAN Guofeng, GUO Fanxi, HU Cong, LI Chunyu

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 274-282. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.274

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  The active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) three-level structure is more advantageous in high-power motor drive systems because it can optimize the loss distribution in switching devices. To improve the performance of a drive system under operation conditions with a low switching frequency, a multi-mode synchronous space vector pulse width modulation (SSVPWM) switching strategy is studied in this paper. Aimed at the problem of current and torque impact caused by the switching between different modes, a multi-mode SSVPWM switching strategy based on pulse insertion is proposed for ANPC three-level inverters. By reconfiguring the stator flux linkage from the motor, the stator flux linkage deviation at the switching position is calculated online, the selection of ANPC redundant zero-state is combined at the switching moment, and the smooth switching between multiple modes is achieved with compensation by inserting the voltage pulse. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed strategy were verified through simulation and experimental results.
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  Novel Flying-start Strategy for Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

  YUAN Guofeng, LIU Tingyu, HU Cong, LI Chunyu, ZHENG Chunyu

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 283-290. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.283

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  Flying-start is one of the key technologies used in the traction electric-drive system of a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor, and one of the common methods is to short-circuit the motor through triggering zero-voltage vector pulse to realize the flying-start below the rated speed. To accurately select the short-circuit pulse time and the parameters of short-circuit pulse time interval, a flying-start method with adaptive adjustment of parameters at different rotation speeds is proposed, which estimates the motor’s approximate rotation speed by injecting a test zero-voltage vector pulse under various free rotation conditions. According to the obtained approximate rotation speed, the short-circuit pulse time and the parameters of short-circuit pulse time interval are adjusted adaptively. As a result, the contradiction that the traditional fixed parameter method is unable to strike a balance between the inverter overcurrent and the estimation accuracy of rotor position is solved, and the estimation accuracy of rotor position during restarting is significantly improved. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by simulation and experimental results.
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  Robust Predictive Control Technology for Long-stator Linear Synchronous Motor in Maglev System

  KANG Jinsong, HAN Renjie, ZHAO Yuanzhe, HU Zongbo

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 291-300. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.291

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  In maglev long-stator linear synchronous motor drive systems, multiple sources of disturbances during their operation can lead to significant fluctuations in motor parameters, thereby reducing the control effect of model predictive approaches. To address this issue, a robust predictive control algorithm based on error feedback correction is proposed. Under this strategy, the error between the predicted and measured values of current is used as a feedback signal. By designing an appropriate feedback structure to adjust the output voltage of the conventional deadbeat predictive controller, the proposed method can effectively mitigate steady-state tracking errors and instability problems caused by mismatches in inductance, resistance and flux linkage. Finally, a maglev linear synchronous motor platform was constructed for comparative verification, and experimental results validated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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  Research on Internal Model Control of Rotor Magnetic Suspension in Bearingless Flux-switching Permanent Magnet Motor

  CHEN Dongyuan, ZHOU Yangzhong, ZHOU Moujie

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 301-311. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.301

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  To enhance the robustness of rotor radial magnetic suspension, a rotor magnetic suspension control strategy for a bearingless flux-switching permanent magnet motor (BFSPMM) is proposed, which is based on the combination of the nonlinear feedback linearization theory and internal model control method. Under this control strategy, the rotor dynamic model of the BFSPMM is taken as the internal model, the difference between the actual motor and the internal model output is expanded into a novel nonlinear error system by a second-order filter, and the given suspension current is calculated according to the input-output feedback linearization theory. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively realize the high robust operation control of rotor radial magnetic suspension.
EMI/EMC
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  Method for Wide-band Impedance Measurement Based on Discrete Interval Binary Sequence with Optimized Spectrum

  HAN Shaohua, JIANG Yunlong, GE Xuan, YU Jianyu, CHEN Liqin, CHEN Yandong

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 312-323. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.312

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  With a large number of renewable energy devices being integrated into DC distribution network, the factors such as the random fluctuation of photovoltaic power generation and unpredictability of loads will have an impact on the system stability. During its operation, the system has characteristics of being dominated by power electronic equipment and time-varying. To ensure the efficient and stable operation of the DC distribution network, it is crucial for obtaining the impedance characteristics of power electronic equipment in the distribution network accurately in real time. A wide-band impedance measurement method based on discrete interval binary sequence (DIBS) with optimized spectrum is proposed, and the phase optimization formula and Nelder-Mead algorithm are used for optimizing the phase of each frequency component of the DIBS generating signal. In addition, the methods of generating signal and amplitude selection are improved, so that the signal spectrum is focused on the target frequency band, and the measurement efficiency and accuracy are improved. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the time-domain waveforms and spectra of the multi-sinusoidal signal and optimized DIBS signal are compared, and simulations are carried out in Matlab/Simulink to verify the method. Results show that the injected voltage amplitude of DIBS is smaller and can accurately measure the impedance characteristics of power electronic equipment with the same signal spectral energy. Finally, passive load impedance measurement experiments were carried out on a hardware platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fault Diagnosis and Reliability
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  Study on Risk Assessment of Thermal-runaway Gas Explosion of Ternary Lithium Batteries

  ZHANG Qingsong, BAO Fangwei, NIU Jianghao

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 324-332. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.324

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  To study the explosion risk of thermal-runaway gas of ternary lithium-ion batteries, an experimental platform for the thermal-runaway gas explosion of lithium batteries was independently built. Based on the risk assessment theory, the safety of lithium batteries in different states-of-charge (SOHs) was quantitatively evaluated. The probability of thermal-runaway gas explosion was represented by the product of the ignition parameters of lithium batteries and the risk degree of gas explosion, the result of gas explosion was characterized by the explosion severity, and the risk of thermal-runaway gas explosion was evaluated comprehensively through experiments. Experimental results show that the battery with a high SOC is more likely to cause thermal runaway in a more intense manner, its thermal-runaway gas explosion range is wider, and the corresponding risk degree is greater. Within the explosion limit, the batteries with higher SOCs at the same location have higher risks. With an increase in the thermal-runaway gas concentration in the mixed gas produced by batteries with different SOCs, all the maximum explosion temperature, maximum pressure, maximum pressure rise rate and explosion risk show a changing rule of first increasing and then decreasing, and the parameters reach their maximums near the middle value between the upper and lower explosion concentrations.
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  Fault Diagnosis of Output Capacitor of Buck Converter in DC Microgrid

  LI Jiacheng, REN Lei, QIN Ling, WU Shang, HE Jianjun

  Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(2): 333-342. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.2.333

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  Buck converters in DC microgrid are frequently used to transform the DC voltage of high-voltage bus, and the electrolytic capacitor therein is the most vulnerable component. The analysis of capacitance degradation parameters shows that the equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the best health indicator for electrolytic capacitors, and it is of significance for online monitoring the variations in ESR values in real-time. A non-intrusive online ESR monitoring method for the output capacitor of a Buck converter is proposed, which is based on the output voltage. In this method, the AC component of inductive current is fitted by the drive signal, and the real-time online calculation model of ESR is derived by combining the AC component of output voltage. Under this scheme, the additional current sensors and high-precision trigger sampling devices are not required, and the accurate calculation of the output capacitance ESR of the Buck circuit under different working conditions can be achieved only by sampling the output voltage and combining the drive signal of the switch tube. An experimental platform for the ESR monitoring system was built, and experimental verification was also carried out. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.