Journal of Power Supply

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Optimization Method for Cauer Model Considering Deforma- tion and Offset Characteristics of Dynamic Thermal Diffusion Boundary

LI Aoyang, XIN Jinlei, DU Mingxing, Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.1

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At present, most of the traditional Cauer models assume that the shape of the effective thermal conduction surface of each layer in an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module is square or circular, which leads to large errors of the calculation results of IGBT module junction temperature. On this basis, the shape of the effective thermal conduction surface of each layer in the IGBT module are studied, and a Cauer model considering the deformation characteristics of thermal diffusion boundary is proposed to make it more suitable for the actual situation. It is found that a phenomenon of offset occurs at the thermal diffusion boundary of the IGBT module. By capturing the diameter of the selected dynamic thermal diffusion boundary and modifying the parameters of the Cauer model which considerers the deformation and offset characteristics of dynamic thermal diffusion boundary, the junction temperature of the IGBT module can be accurately estimated. The correctness and feasibility of the proposed optimization method for Cauer model consideringthe deformation and offset characteristics of dynamic thermal diffusion boundary were verified by simulation and experimental results.

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Research on Performance Improvement of Reverse Blocking IGCT Based on Lifetime Control Technology

MA Junjie, WANG Rongdong, HU Tiansheng, WANG Lairan, HU Jiansheng, YANG Wuhua, Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 11-18. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.11

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Aimed at the problem that various characteristics cannot be well compromised in the design of reverse blocking integrated gate commutated thyristor (RB-IGCT) devices, based on the research on the effect of electron irradiation on the device performance, a double-sided proton irradiation method is proposed, which is further verified by simulations. Resultsshow that electron irradiation will significantly shorten the overall lifetime of the device, and greatly decreasing the internal carrier concentration in its on-state. Therefore, electron irradiation has a positive effect on the turn-off characteristics of the device at the cost of deteriorating all of its other characteristics. In contrast, double-sided proton irradiation can locally modulate the carrier concentration distribution in the on-state of the device, thus ensuring its on-state characteristics and surge current withstand capability. Meanwhile, this irradiation method reduces the leakage current of the device at high temperature (400 K) by nearly 50%, indicating that it is an effective method for handling the trade-off relationship between various performance parameters of the device.

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High-frequency Isolated Anti-Γ Source AC-AC Converter

FANG Xupeng, LAI Xuewen, Student Member, CPSS, ZHAO Hang, WANG Tengfei

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 19-27. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.19

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By improving the traditional non-isolated Γ-Z source converter, a novel high-frequency isolated anti-Γ source AC-AC converter is proposed, which can be applied to AC transformers, dynamic voltage restorers, etc. This converter uses a high-frequency coupled inductor which acts as a high-frequency transformer, and its size is thus reduced. The addition of an anti-Γ source makes the voltage gain of the converter flexibly adjustable, so that its Buck or Boost voltage range is extended, and the output and input voltages can be maintained in-phase or out-phase. The use of a safe commutation pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy can suppress the voltage spike of a switch tube and reduce the switch loss. Through the analysis of working states of the converter, the relationship between the output voltage and input voltage is calculated for each device, and the performance parameters of the proposed converter are compared with those of other AC converters, indicating the advantages of the novel converter. A simulation model was established by MATLAB/Simulink, and the printed circuit board (PCB) of the converter was drawn for experiments. The proposed converter was discussed and verified based on simulation and experimental results.

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Switch-clamped High-gain Coupled Inductor DC-DC Converter

FANG Xupeng, GUO Yujie, Student Member, CPSS, MENG Xiangrui, Student Member, CPSS, WEI Zhen

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 28-38. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.28

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A switch-clamped high-gain coupled inductor DC-DC converter is proposed, which co-adjusts the voltage gain by coupling the turns ratio of the coupled inductor and the duty cycle. Therefore, it can realize a very high voltage gain at a low duty cycle. A switch-clamped structure is used to eliminate voltage spikes on power switches, and the energy stored in leakage inductance is recovered through switch capacitors, thus improving the lifespan of the converter. The voltage stress of power switches in this structure is low, and the required duty cycle is small, which can effectively reduce switch losses and improve the efficiency of the converter. A comparison with other converters was performed. In addition, a 200 W low-power prototype was built for experimental analysis, and results verified the feasibility and theoretical correctness of the proposed topology.

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Review of Topologies and Energy Management of Multi-input Inverters

ZENG Hanchao, Senior Member, CPSS, ZHENG Xiangrong, QIU Yanhui, ZHANG Damin, Member, CPSS, ZHANG Qiang, Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.39

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A multi-input inverter is capable of converting the direct current (DC) generated by multiple new energy sources into the alternating current (AC) required by power grids, effectively solving the problems caused by single new energy power supply such as low power supply reliability, poor power quality and significant power fluctuations. Based on the research status both at home and abroad, the topologies of multi-input inverters are classified into three categories according to the types of DC-DC converters and stages of power conversion, i.e., two-stage single-input DC-DC converters, two-stage multi-input DC-DC converters and single-stage multi-input inverters. A detailed discussion on various types of multi-input inverters is carried out, including their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the corresponding energy management under different application scenarios. Furthermore, a comparison of circuit complexity, control difficulty, cost and conversion efficiency among the multi-input inverters with different topologies is performed, providing a reference for further research and development in this field.

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Topology of Dual-arm Multiplexing MMC and Its Modulation Strategy

TAN Zhukui, LI Jikai, FENG Qihui, LI Yang, ZHANG Ziliang, LIU Zongsheng

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 49-59. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.49

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To meet the requirement of lightweight design for modular multilevel converters (MMCs), the unified structure of arm-multiplexing-type MMCs based on a single-arm multiplexing MMC (SAM-MMC) is summarized. Then, a dual-arm multiplexing MMC (DAM-MMC) is proposed, and the corresponding structure of arm selection switch, modulation strategy and low-voltage switching strategy in multiplexing mode are designed. The DAM-MMC requires a total of 4N in three phases, with a submodule utilization rate of 75%. Through the analysis of arm energy fluctuations, the capacitance in multiplexing arms of the DAM-MMC is reduced by about 31.9% compared with that of the SAM-MMC, and the capacitance in upper and lower bridge arms is reduced by about 11.5%, which further reduces the volume, weight and cost of the converter. Based on an experimental prototype, the feasibility of the DAM-MMC topology, parameter design and proposed strategies was verified.

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Research on Multiport Ultra-high Gain DC-DC Converter Applied to Voltage Sag Control Equipment

CHEN Jinrong, HUANG Guoping, LIU Junfeng, LIU Shaomin

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 60-73. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.60

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A non-isolated multiport DC-DC converter with ultra-high gain is proposed to meet the high gain DC-side conversion requirements of voltage sag control equipment, which integrates two unidirectional input sources, one bidirectional energy storage unit and output load. This converter has three different operating modes depending on the operation of the energy storage unit, and all of them can achieve ultra-high voltage gain. In particular, the converter can still operate reliably when the input of any one of the input sources is zero. In addition, the input current of multiport in the converter is continuous, and the input and output ports are common grounded, which helps to reduce electromagnetic interference in the system. A detailed analysis was performed on the operating principle, steady-state characteristics and performance comparison of the converter, moreover, a 250 W experimental prototype was built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter.

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Simplified Modulation Method for Reducing Common-mode Voltage

WEI Jincheng, ZHU Chongjing, Student Member, CPSS, QIU Xiaochu, HU Qiuyu

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 74-83. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.74

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Aimed at the problem that the three-level voltage space vector pulse width modulation method will cause the generation of common-mode voltage (CMV) in an inverter, a simplified modulation method that can reduce the CMC is proposed in this paper. First, the three-level voltage space vector diagram is simplified to a two-level space vector diagram by coordinate translation. Second, according to the principle of generating CMV by switching states, suitable vectors are selected to adjust the switching sequence of space vectors. Finally, the unified expression of modulated wave is obtained by derivation. A comparison with experimental results shows that the proposed method can effectively reduce the computational load and limit the CMV to 1/6 of the DC-side voltage.

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Research on Optimization of Modulation Trajectory for DAB Converter with Full-range Soft Switching

ZHANG Guichen, Member, CPSS, LAN Yunzheng, ZHOU Jinghua, Senior Member, CPSS, CHEN Mingcheng, Student Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 84-94. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.84

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With the development of renewable energy, DC microgrids are receiving increasing attention. Dual active bridge (DAB) converters have advantages such as zero voltage conduction and can achieve a high control efficiency, thus playing an important role in DC microgrids. To address the issue of single phase shift control which causes some switching tubes to lose their capability of conducting at zero voltage when the voltage transmission ratio is mismatched, a multi-mode switching method was proposed to achieve zero voltage turn-on across the entire load range. First, the expressions for the effective values of transmission power and inductance current in the internal and external modes of extended phase shift were analyzed and derived. Second, the optimization curves of phase shift ratio and transmission power were obtained through the Lagrange extremum method to ensure that the DAB converter can satisfy switching under full-load range while achieving soft switching in the full range. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop platform was built to verify the feasibility and superiority of the optimized modulation strategies.

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Dynamic Compensation Control Strategy for Inverter Based on Extended State Observer

HU Changbin, Member, CPSS, HUANG Haiyang, LUO Shanna, LU Heng

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 95-105. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.95

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Aimed at the problem that the performance of model predictive control will decrease significantly when the predictive model is not accurate, a dynamic compensation strategy based on an extended state observer (ESO) is proposed, which is on the basis of voltage model predictive control. This strategy can not only improve the response speed and accuracy of the inverter system, but also suppress the influences of parameter perturbation and disturbance. First, the inverter state space equation of a LC filter is established, and the influences of parameter perturbation and current disturbance on the output voltage from the inverter system are analyzed. Next, a voltage model predictive controller is designed based on the nominal model of the inverter system. Then, an ESO is established through the local input and output information, so as to accurately estimate the internal and external disturbances of the system. In addition, a reverse compensation controller is designed, thus effectively suppressing the output voltage sag, swell and distortion of the inverter. Finally, this strategy was verified on an actual inverter platform PEK-530A. Experiments with various load disturbances and parameter perturbations under different working conditions were designed to validate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed strategy.

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Hybrid Modulation Adaptive Control Strategy for LLC Resonant Converter

LIU Baoquan, Member, CPSS, ZHOU Qihao, Student Member, CPSS, HAN Meng, Student Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 106-116. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.106

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As a mainstream high-efficiency DC-DC converter, the LLC resonant converter faces an issue of a narrow voltage regulation range, and a hybrid modulation technique combining pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and phase shift modulation (PSM) can effectively broaden the voltage regulation range. However, a single proportional integral (PI) controller cannot adequately balance the system stability and responsiveness in the two operating modes. Aimed at this problem, a hybrid modulation adaptive control strategy for the LLC converter is proposed. First, a small-signal model of the LLC converter in PFM and PSM modulation modes is established using an extended describing function method. Then, a model correction algorithm is developed with an objective of unanimous rate of change of the model gain, so as to obtain a unified model of the LLC resonant converter. Furthermore, based on this unified model, adaptive PI controllers are designed considering input voltage and load current, thus realizing the stable performance and dynamic response of the converter across the entire load and input ranges. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control strategy was validated by the construction of a simulation model and an experimental platform.

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Research on Optimal Control Strategy for Minimum Reflux Power of Three-level Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter

WANG Junrui, TAN Lu, WANG Rui, LI Linhui, QIN Hao

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 117-125. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.117

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To solve the problem of reflux power and switching tube loss in a neutral point clamped three-level dual active bridge (DAB) DC-DC converter, an optimal control strategy for reducing the reflux power in the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) boundary and range is proposed. Under the premise of realizing ZVS for all the switching tubes, this strategy can reduce the reflux power. First, the working principle for the three-level DAB converter under dual phase-shift (DPS) control is analyzed, and the ZVS range is obtained. Then, the mathematical models of transmission power and reflux power are established, and the reflux power is optimized within the ZVS boundary and range, respectively. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy was verified by simulations and an experimental platform.

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Effects of Different Zero-level Switching States on Loss Distribution of Three-level ANPC Converter

LIU Mingyue, WANG Chenchen, Member, CPSS, LU Geye, LI Zhaoyang

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 126-134. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.126

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For a neutral-point-clamped three-level converter with only one zero-level switching state, there exists a problem of unbalanced loss distribution in internal and external tubes, which seriously limits the converter capacity and power density. In comparison, an active neutral-point-clamped three-level converter with multiple redundant zero-level switching states has the capability of flexibly adjusting the loss distribution. All the zero-level switching states of the active neutral-point-clamped three-level converter that can ensure the normal operation of the converter are summarized, the commutation process in different zero-level switching states are analyzed in detail, and the loss distribution rule in different commutation modes is summed up. Then, the correctness of the loss distribution rule in each commutation mode was verified by simulation and experimental results.

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Research on Optimization Design of Efficiency Characteristics Based on Three-phase Bidirectional LLC Resonant Converter

BAI Hongchao, Member, CPSS, ZHAO Yinghui, Member, CPSS, YU Jinbiao, Member, CPSS, WU Hanzi, HAO Jiahan, HUANG Xianjin, Senior Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 135-143. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.135

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Bidirectional DC-DC converters are widely applied in the fields such as distributed generation systems, converter development and testing, and electric vehicles. Owing to their advantages including a wide gain, a high efficiency, and input and output isolation, bidirectional LLC resonant converters are widely used in DC bidirectional DC-DC converters. Based on the topology of a three-phase bidirectional LLC resonant converter, a loss model is established, and the efficiency characteristics of the converter are analyzed in depth. Meanwhile, with the consideration of the efficiency and gain indexes of the converter, a resonant parameter design method for optimizing the efficiency characteristics is proposed. A prototype of a 100 kW three-phase bidirectional LLC resonant converter was built, and the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were verified by experimental results.

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Optimization of Grid-side Current Harmonic Suppression and Digital Control Strategy for Wide-frequency Three-phase PFC Power Modules

WANG Junhua, Member, CPSS, CHU Heng, Student Member, CPSS, SHU Jia, Member, CPSS, ZHANG Yan, Member, CPSS, LIU Jinjun, Fellow, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 144-156. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.144

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In response to the demand for fully domestic and high-power-density modular power supplies in aviation/ vehicle applications, a grid-side current harmonic suppression and digital control strategy optimization method for wide- frequency three-phase power factor correction (PFC) power modules is proposed, which aims to address the challenges of harmonic suppression under wide-frequency input conditions and improve the controller’s resource utilization efficiency. By establishing a d-axis equivalent model of a three-phase PFC system in a rotating coordinate system, a theoretical basis for indirect current control is provided. In addition, a proportional integral resonant (PIR) regulator is introduced into the DC current loop, so as to effectively enhance the harmonic suppression performance. At the embedded architecture level, an interrupt nesting mechanism and a parallel computing architecture using central processing unit/control law accelerator (CPU/CLA) are adopted, significantly increasing the execution frequency of CLA tasks. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed digital control method in harmonic suppression and resource utilization optimization.

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Research on MPPT Control Based on Improved Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm and Incremental Conductance Method

LUO Haopeng, WANG Longzhen, LIU Ting, TAN Qinyue

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 157-165. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.157

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Aimed at the multi-peak characteristics of P-U output characteristic curves when a photovoltaic array is partially shaded, as well as the problem that the traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is easy to fall into local optimum and difficult to strike a balance between its tracking accuracy and speed, an MPPT algorithm combining the improved Harris hawk optimization (IHHO) algorithm and variable-step incremental conductance (INC) method is proposed. This algorithm divides the peak region to determine the voltage range where the extreme point exists, so as to narrow the search scope of the algorithm, and then applies the IHHO algorithm for global search in this range. First, the IHHO algorithm optimizes the initial position near 0.8 times the open-circuit voltage in each interval sequentially. Then, the Levy flight is used to optimize the scaling factor at the exploration stage. After the algorithm converges, it is switched to the variable-step INC method for local development. Finally, four kinds of illumination conditions are set up for verification. Simulation results show that the proposed composite MPPT algorithm can effectively avoid falling into local traps under complex shading, low illumination and illumination mutation conditions. In addition, the search speed is improved by 50 % on average.

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Evaluation of Power Decoupling Circuit and Soft-switching Control Method for Photovoltaic-storage-charging Integrated System

WEI Xinchi, LI Rui, ZHANG Yu, WEI Chaofan

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 166-176. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.166

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To fully consume the distributed photovoltaic (PV) while reducing the impact of electric vehicle charging on the distribution network, PV-storage-charging integrated systems are rapidly developing. However, the secondary harmonic current of the DC bus in a PV-storage-charging integrated system will cause problems such as oscillations of PV output power and an increase in the current stress on the switching tube. To ensure the efficiency and power density of the system while suppressing the secondary harmonic current, the performance of different power decoupling circuits is evaluated from several dimensions at first. Then, based on the selected circuit topology, a soft-switching modulation method and the corresponding closed-loop control strategy are proposed, which can effectively improve the harmonic current suppression capability while realizing the full-range zero-voltage switching (ZVS). Finally, the effectiveness of the power decoupling circuit and the proposed control strategy was verified by simulation and experimental results.

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SOH Prediction for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Feature Analysis and V-PSA-LSTM

GAO Zhijun, DAI Rui, NING Yi, GUO Xifeng

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 177-188. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.177

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Aimed at the phenomenon of capacity recovery and the problem of accurate prediction during the cyclic usage of lithium-ion batteries, an approach integrating feature analysis with an innovative variational pyramid split attention long short-term memory (V-PSA-LSTM) network model is proposed. This method performs the feature analysis of lithium-ion batteries, and Pearson correlation coefficients are employed to screen out the health features that are closely associated with the battery’s state of health (SOH), thereby revealing the key characteristics such as dynamic capacity restoration. Then, a novel V-PSA-LSTM network model is put forward, in which a periodic variation activation mechanism is incorporated into the pyramid split attention (PSA) algorithm to optimize the long short-term memory (LSTM) network for the first time. This design aims at enhancing the LSTM model’s capability to precisely capture the evolution patterns of SOH in lithium-ion batteries, particularly the fluctuating changes in capacity during the cyclic process. It is verified that the V-PSA-LSTM model significantly reduces prediction errors during the SOH prediction for lithium-ion batteries, e.g., the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are 0.002 2 and 0.001 8, respectively, indicating the exceptional performance in solving the problems of capacity recovery and accurate prediction.

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Lithium-ion Battery Life Prediction Based on IHTS-GRU

LIN Dongli, ZHANG Jing, Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 189-197. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.189

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To improve the accuracy of remaining useful life (RUL) prediction for lithium-ion batteries, a method combining complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), random forest (RF), improved hazelnut tree search (IHTS) algorithm and improved gated recurrent unit (GRU) is proposed. First, CEEMDAN is used for modal decomposition and noise reduction on the original capacity data. Second, RF is adopted to calculate the weight of each modal component relative to the original capacity data. Third, chaos initialization optimization is employed to improve a hazelnut tree search algorithm to obtain the IHTS algorithm, which is further used to optimize and improve GRU to establish an IHTS-GRU model. Finally, the IHTS-GRU prediction results of each modal component and the weight of each modal component are weighted and averaged, thus realizing the lithium-ion battery RUL prediction. The NASA data is used for verification, and it is found that the prediction accuracy of the CEEMDAN-RF-IHTS-GRU model is improved by 3.2% and 2.1% on average compared with those of the CEEMDAN-GRU and CEEMDAN-RF-GRU models, respectively, indicating significant increases in the prediction accuracy. Therefore, the proposed method improves the accuracy of RUL prediction for lithium-ion batteries.

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Method for Estimating State-of-health of Lithium Batteries Based on Random Charging Segments

GUO Pengxu, ZHAO Li, ZHANG Fengshuo

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 198-209. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.198

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The state of health (SOH) estimation method for lithium batteries is crucial for battery management systems used in electric vehicles. At present, most of the SOH estimation methods often require the charging and discharging data during a long time, resulting in a poor real-time performance. To address this issue, an SOH estimation method based on random charging segments for feature extraction analysis is proposed. First, the complete constant current (CC) charging process is divided into several fixed-length data segments according to voltage intervals. Then, health indicators (HIs) are extracted for different voltage intervals. Finally, based on the characteristics of HIs, a back propagation neural network (BPNN) optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is trained, which can extract features from any CC charging segment to complete SOH estimation. NASA and Oxford datasets verify that this method has high flexibility and accuracy.

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Research and Optimization of Thermal Management for Lithium-ion Batteries with Liquid Cooling-air Cooling Coupling

WANG Jianxin, WANG Bin, MA Shuqian

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 210-219. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.210

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An efficient battery thermal management system is crucial for the performance and safety of batteries. A liquid cooling-air cooling coupling thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries was proposed, and the effects of coolant flow rate and radial thermal conductivity of batteries on the system’s cooling performance were analyzed. In addition, the comprehensive effect of the liquid cooling-air cooling composite system on the heat dissipation characteristics of batteries was also investigated. Results show that increasing the coolant flow rate can improve the cooling performance while leading to an increase in pressure drop, resulting in higher system power consumption and a lower economic efficiency. The more pronounced the anisotropic characteristics of battery thermal conductivity, the worse the uniformity of temperature distribution. By increasing the radial thermal conductivity of batteries, the maximum temperature of batteries was effectively reduced, and the temperature uniformity was also improved. Compared with a single liquid cooling system, the liquid cooling-air cooling composite system significantly optimized the temperature distribution and heat dissipation performance of the battery module, e.g., the maximum temperature was reduced by 3.20 K, and the maximum temperature difference was reduced by 3.36 K. Moreover, adopting an intermittent air cooling operation strategy can effectively reduce the system energy consumption while maintaining the operation of batteries within the optimal temperature range.

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Research on Balance Control Strategy for Grid-connected Inverter System Under Unbalanced Grid

QU Aiwen, Member, CPSS, WEI Daozhou, XUE Jianhua

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 220-231. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.220

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Under an unbalanced power grid, the grid-connected inverter system may experience an imbalance in grid-connected current or load voltage. To achieve a grid-connected current balance or a load voltage balance in the grid-connected inverter system under linear and symmetrical load, a balance control strategy based on a negative-sequence compensation algorithm is proposed. On the basis of adding a compensation impedance device between the local load and the point of common coupling (PCC), the positive- and negative-sequence components of current on the inverter side are controlled by the reference value of output voltage from the inverter, which is generated by superimposing the positive-sequence loop output with the negative-sequence compensation loop output with different balance control objectives, so as to achieve the balance control of these objectives. The reference values of the positive- and negative-sequence current loops on the inverter side are obtained using the grid-side current loop or the local load identification algorithm. Finally, the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy were verified by simulation and experimental results.

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Active Damping Control of Distributed New Energy Grid-connected Converters Considering Multi-loop Coupling

GAO Zeming, CHENG Lun, SUN Liqiang, CHEN Linhao

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 232-241. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.232

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In a weak grid, the phase-locked loop (PLL) of a grid-connected converter will dynamically interact with the current loop and further lead to a small-signal (or harmonic) instability problem. To solve this problem, a small-signal modeling method is used to establish an equivalent impedance model of the grid-connected converter. On this basis, the impedance model of the converter is combined with a system stability judgment method, and the instability mechanism of the grid-connected converter under the weak grid condition is analyzed by using the pole variation trajectory and the Bode plot. For a multiple-input multiple-output system, an active damping control strategy based on minimum phase digital filters is proposed while considering multi-loop coupling, so as to improve the system stability margin. At the same time, a specific implementation scheme of the control strategy, a parameter design method and the impact of the control strategy on the multi-loop coupling part are given. In addition, to study the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy under different operating conditions, the system stability margin under the proposed control strategy in the cases of different grid strengths, PLL bandwidths and current loop bandwidths is analyzed, and it is compared with that under the traditional control. Finally, the correctness of the proposed theory was verified by the result of a hardware-in-the-loop experiment.

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Sub-/super-synchronous Oscillation Analysis and Suppression Strategy for Hydro-wind Renewable Energy Transmission via LCC-HVDC Systems

LING Ziyue, MI Wenchao, MA Tinghao, XIA Jianhua, LUO Teng, DU Xiong, Senior Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 242-254. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.242

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With the advancement of dual-carbon goals, many of the existing hydropower stations plan to integrate nearby wind power within a certain range, form hydro-wind renewable clean energy bases and use the existing hydropower transmission lines for power delivery. As the wind power capacity increases gradually, a power system may encounter sub-/super-synchronous oscillation issues. To ensure the safe and stable operation of the system, a typical operation scenario for a system with hydro-wind renewable energy delivered via LCC-HVDC is constructed. The key factors causing sub-/super-synchronous oscillations are examined using the impedance method, and a virtual admittance-based suppression strategy for sub-/super-synchronous oscillations is put forward. This method reduces the interaction between LCC system and the hydro-wind renewable energy generation system by lowering the equivalent impedance of LCC system at the oscillation frequency, thus suppressing oscillations. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations.

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Fault Protection Method for Flexible DC Power Grid Based on Canberra Distance

YANG Zhanye, WEI Yanfang, ZHAO Jingwen, WANG Peng, ZENG Zhihui

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 255-264. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.255

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The flexible DC distribution network has characteristics such as a fast rising speed and a large amplitude of fault current. Therefore, the fast and reliable identification of DC line faults is a key technology that the DC distribution networks urgently need to break through. Aimed at the problems of poor selectivity of single-end protection and a slow speed of multi-end protection in the existing flexible DC power grids, a fault protection method for flexible DC power grid based on the Canberra distance is proposed. First, according to the difference in polarity of current differential between the two terminals under internal and external faults in the flexible DC power grid, the Canberra distance is introduced to calculate the polarity similarity of fault current differential sampled at both ends of the line, so as to perform diagnosis of the fault area. Second, based on the fault characteristics of fault and non-fault lines at the time of fault occurrence, a ratio is formulated using the numerical difference in current differential between the two poles, thus selecting the fault pole. Finally, different fault scenarios are set to verify the applicability of the proposed method under different working conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed protection scheme can achieve correct fault location and pole selection under the conditions of different fault locations, different values of current-limiting reactance and different transition resistances.

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High-precision Measurement Method for Frequency Coupling Admittance of Grid-connected Inverter

ZHUO Haoze, LIN Jie, YAO Wenxuan, ZHANG Zilin, Student Member, CPSS, WU Wenhua, Member, CPSS, MO Zhiyue

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 265-276. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.265

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The admittance measurement of grid-connected inverters plays a crucial role in the stability analysis of renewable energy grid-connection. On this basis, a high-precision measurement method for the frequency coupling admittance of a grid connected inverter is proposed. First, the admittance measurement process based on disturbance injection is taken as a measurement process of deterministic components. Then, the signal with disturbance injection is considered as a broadband signal, and a method for measuring deterministic components of the broadband signal based on polynomial fitting is put forward. Finally, a frequency coupling admittance measurement framework for the inverter based on deterministic components is established. Simulation and experimental results show that compared with the existing methods, the proposed method can achieve high-precision measurement of broadband signals and accurately measure the frequency coupling admittance characteristics in various grid frequency scenarios, indicating its good applicability for the measurement of deterministic components.

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Limit Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm with DC Bus Voltage Sensing Capability for 5G Base Stations

ZHU Binxin, Senior Member, CPSS, LI Yang, SHE Xiaoli, QIN Tuanfa, HU Yongle

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 277-286. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.277

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The integration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) power into the direct current (DC) load within 5G base stations can enhance the efficiency of PV utilization and mitigate its adverse impact on the terminal distribution network. Aimed at the issues of poor anti-interference capability in traditional perturb and observe (P&O) methods and the DC bus voltage limit violations caused by PV output fluctuations or changes in load at base stations, a limit maximum power point tracking (LMPPT) algorithm with DC bus voltage sensing capability for 5G base stations is proposed in this paper. On one hand, the algorithm’s anti-interference capability is enhanced by improving the perturbation and observation process of the traditional P&O method. On the other hand, the introduction of a voltage-tiered power limiting control strategy ensures that the DC bus voltage remains within limits, thereby maintaining the safe and stable operation of base station equipment. Additionally, a high-efficiency and high-power-density PV DC combiner module with a rated power of 600 W was built using domestic components, achieving a power density of 135.2 W/in³ and a peak efficiency of 98.9%. Experimental results effectively validated the theoretical analysis and design ideas.

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Intelligent Construction Method and Realization of Power Electronic Converter Topology

XIAO Yiting, QIU Dongyuan, Senior Member, CPSS, ZHANG Bo, Fellow, CPSS, ZENG Yangbin, LI Hong, Senior Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 287-300. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.287

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With the continuous promotion of “dual-carbon” goals and the increasing demand for re-electrification development, the construction of new power electronic converters is still one of the research hotspots in the field of power electronics. However, the traditional topology construction method relies on designers’ experience, so the design process is inefficient, and the design method lacks generality. Therefore, the intelligence of topology construction contributes to improving the efficiency and generalization of topology design. A DC-DC converter is taken as an example, first, the process of power electronic converter intelligent construction is divided into three main links, i.e., topology description, topology generation and topology performance analysis. Then, the topology description method, topology construction rules, topology constraints and topology performance indicators suitable for intelligent construction are described in turn. Finally, the realization of topology intelligent construction based on a programmable search algorithm and reinforcement learning is introduced. The research shows that the power electronic converter topology intelligent construction has just started, and there is still a lot of work to be carried out in multi-type topology construction, multi-objective optimization, performance intelligence analysis, etc.

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Prediction Method for IGBT Aging Parameter Based on Transfer Learning Model

LUO Wei, LIU Yufan, ZHANG Dewen

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 301-310. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.301

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Aimed at the health status of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and the problem of evaluation on their remaining useful life (RUL), the aging parameter of IGBTs was predicted based on an adaptive recurrent neural network (AdaRNN) transfer learning model. First, the failure mechanism of IGBTs was analyzed, and the on-state collector-emitter voltage was selected as the aging parameter to evaluate the health status of IGBTs. Then, an IGBT aging test bench was set up to collect the aging parameter online. Finally, based on the acquired aging parameter, the AdaRNN model was used to predict the IGBT aging parameter. Resultsshow that when the same IGBT aging parameter was used as the training and test sets, the accuracy and speed of prediction results of the traditional time series model and AdaRNN model were similar. When the aging parameters of two sets of different IGBTs were used as the training and test sets, the AdaRNN model can solve the problem of aging parameter difference caused by device difference, and the prediction accuracy was obviously higher than that of the traditional time series model, indicating the strong generalization capability and robustness of the new model.

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IGBT Diagnosis of Three-phase PV Grid-connected Inverter Based on MTF-CNN

DONG Weiguang, WANG Ning, ZHANG Zhouwei, LANG Xiongfei

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 311-318. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.311

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The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is the core component of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter, and its stability and reliability are crucial to the normal operation of the inverter. Therefore, it is important to ensure the safety and stable operation of the power system through the fault diagnosis of a PV grid-connected inverter. Aimed at the single-tube open-circuit fault which is common for the IGBT in a three-phase PV grid-connected two-level inverter, a diagnosis method for the open-circuit fault of IGBT in the three-phase PV grid-connected inverter based on Markov transition field-convolutional neural network (MTF-CNN) is presented. A simulation model of the three-phase PV grid-connected inverter is built on MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the open-circuit fault of several kinds of IGBTs. The output of fault current signal from the inverter is collected as one-dimensional time-domain signal, which is further converted into two-dimensional images by MTF as a 2D-CNN data set for training. Finally, the fault detection and diagnosis are completed. Experimental results show that the proposed method has strong anti-interference capability. In addition, it has a faster diagnosis speed and higher accuracy than other conventional methods.

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Position-sensorless ADRC Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Nonlinear Flux Observer

ZHANG Kun, ZHANG Hang, Member, CPSS, CHEN Zhe, MA Hui, LEI Yukun, Student Member, CPSS, LUO Guangzhao

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 319-327. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.319

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To address the problems of DC bias and integral drift resulting from the pure integral link in traditional flux observers, a nonlinear flux observer is developed based on the mathematical model of a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor under the stationary coordinate system. Then, the information about the rotor position and speed is extracted using the phase-locked loop technology. In consideration of the working condition of the aviation pump load, the disturbances caused by nonlinear factors such as frequent changes in load torque and the dead time of an inverter will impact the speed and current regulation performance of position-sensorless control. This further results in increases in the magnetic field orientation error and rotor position estimation error. By combining with the linear active disturbance rejection control technology, a position-sensorless active disturbance rejection control strategy based on a nonlinear flux observer is proposed, which enhan- ces the anti-disturbance capability of the position-sensorless closed-loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed position- sensorless control strategy was verified through a comparison between the simulation and experimental results.

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Variable Bus Current-type Inverter for High-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors and Its Control Strategy

HUANG Jin, QIN Haobang, GAO Xingran, HU Wenshan, MEI Yuanteng

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 328-339. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.328

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High-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors have characteristics of small stator inductance and high fundamental frequency, and using traditional voltage source inverters to drive them may lead to large stator current ripple and high torque ripple. Variable bus voltage-type inverters can be used to reduce the current ripple, but the traditional variable bus voltage control strategies have numerous parameters and complex calculations. In response to this issue, a relatively simple variable bus current control strategy is proposed, which directly adjusts the DC bus current output from the previous stage to achieve the motor speed control and reduce the stator winding current ripple. Zero d-axis current control is achieved through magnetic field vector amplitude control and phase angle allocation. First, the topology and working mode of a variable bus current-type inverter used were introduced, and the mechanism of reducing the stator winding current ripple by this topology was analyzed. Then, based on this topology, a relatively simple variable bus current control strategy was put forward, and its computational complexity was compared with that under the traditional variable bus voltage control strategy. Under the proposed control strategy, the amplitude and angle of the magnetic field vector were separated, and a control model for the system was established, in which the amplitude control was used to adjust the motor output torque and the angle control was used to achieve motor rotor traction and torque angle control. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed topology and its control strategy was verified through simulation and experimental results. Specifically, the stable control of a high-speed motor at 80 000 r/min was achieved in the experiment, achieving zero d-axis current control and effectively reducing the stator winding current ripple.

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Improved Suspension Control of Bearingless Permanent Magnet Slice Motor Based on Model and Unmodeled Compensation

WANG Qi, ZHOU Yangzhong, Senior Member, CPSS

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 340-352. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.340

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The liquid pump driven by a bearingless permanent magnet slice motor has higher requirements on the motor suspension performance in a complex fluid load environment. Aimed at the problems that the motor model is difficult to obtain accurately and the complex fluid load affects the motor suspension performance, an improved control strategy for the rotor radial suspension performance based on electromagnetic force modeling and disturbance compensation is proposed. First, based on the Maxwell tensor method, an analytical model of rotor radial suspension force including active suspension force component and eccentric magnetic tension component is established. Second, the unmodelled part is observed by a linear extended state observer. Third, from the aspect of compensating the eccentric magnetic tension and compensating the unmodeled part, the suspension winding current is reconstructed, and the corresponding suspension control subsystem is constructed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy was verified by experimental results.

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Analysis of Temperature Field of Mine Inverter Based on Electric-thermal Coupling

CHENG Zhaohu, WANG Yue, RONG Xiang, SHI Han

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 353-360. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.353

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Mine inverters typically operate in enclosed spaces where the thermal-electric coupling effect is significant, leading to thermal degradation and thermal failure. Additionally, mine inverters and motors are often connected by long cables, necessitating a consideration of the high-frequency negative effects of these cables. A 630 kW/1 140 V four-quadrant mine inverter is taken as a research object, its integrated thermal-electric coupling model is established, and its relevant characteristics are analyzed. First, a high-frequency circuit model of the mine inverter is constructed. Second, the mechanism by which the losses of various power devices are affected by temperature is studied, the nonlinear relationship between temperature and some losses is analyzed, and analytical models for losses changing with temperature are derived. Finally, the coupling relationship between the high-frequency circuit model, loss model and temperature field model is analyzed, and the integrated thermal-electric coupling model of the mine inverter is built. The simulation results of coupling demonstrate that it is necessary to perform thermal-electric coupling modeling, and the maximum error between experimental and simulation temperature results is only 0.9 ℃, validating the accuracy of the established model.

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Calculation and Diagnosis of Short-circuit Faulton DC-side of Energy Storage Station

CHEN Peiyu, WANG Yang, CHENG Ruyun, ZHENG Xiaolin, LI Chao, ZENG Kaidi

Journal of Power Supply. 2026, 24(6): 361-368. https://doi.org/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2026.6.361

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At present, the integration of large-scale and high-proportion renewable energy into power grids promotes the quick development of electrochemical energy storage stations. However, safety problems frequently occur at electrochemical energy storage stations, and the inadequate protection equipment for energy storage stations restrict their operation and usage. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the fault identification and protection technology for energy storage stations. First, based on the topology of a real energy storage station, the current superposition method is used to derivecalculation formulas forintra-cluster short-circuit fault and inter-cluster short-circuit fault on the DC side of the energy storage station, and the accuracy of the calculation method is verified through asimulation model. Second, through the analysis of short-circuit current under different fault positions and different numbers of short-circuited battery packs, the changes in current at different positions before and after the occurrence of faults are specified, and a fault diagnosis method forthe energy storage station based on current difference is proposed. Finally, the proposed method is verified by calculation and simulation results, indicating that it can effectively identify the intra-cluster short-circuit fault and inter-cluster short-circuit fault on the DC-side of the energy storage station.

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30 June 2026, Volume 24 Issue 6